Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Difference between Primary Cell Wall and Secondary Cell Wall


 Difference between Primary Cell Wall and Secondary Cell Wall


Primary and Secondary Cell wall
Cell wall was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.  In cells of bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists, fungi and plants, a thick, rigid, protective cell wall is present outside the plasma membrane. One of the most important differences between plant and animal cells is the presence of cell wall in plant cells.
Composition of cell wall: The composition of cell wall varies in different groups.
Bacteria: Peptidoglycan cell wall: Cell wall is composed of protein-lipid-polysaccharides having two important chemical components: N -acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM). 

 Bacterial Cell wall & Gram Staining

Bacteria can be divided into two large groups on the basis of differential staining technique called Gram Stain developed by Christian Gram.

      Gram Staining

        Procedure

Gram Positive Bacteria
  • Split into a low and high GC group which reflects the GC content of their DNA.
  •   ex: Staphylococcus, Actinobacteria, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Cornyebacterium, Listeria ,Bacillus, Nocardia, Clostridium
Gram negative bacteria
  •   Proteobacteria is the largest and diverse group of bacteria including many of the more commonly known gram-negative bacteria
  •  Ex: Escherichia coli (E.coli),Helicobcater, Salmonella,Cyanobacteria, Klebsiella,Hemophilus, Neisseria, Pseudomona

A comparison of cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria



Algae: Cell wall contains cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. 

 Cell wall

In plant cells, apart from the plasma membrane, there is a hard protective covering which is called the cell wall.
Plant cell wall

Why do plants have cell wall? What would happen if we possess cell wall?
The advantage of having a cell wall is, it is primarily made up of cellulose, a tough substance that provides great protection from external injuries. Like two sides of a coin, this protection is delivered at the expense of free movement. We can move in search of food as we don’t have cell wall. Plants cannot move and have to find their food from the rooted site itself. Definitely, their capability of photosynthesis clearly overcomes this disadvantage.
In plant cells, cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and proteins.
Remember fungal cell wall is made up of chitin (polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine) and bacterium has a peptidoglyacan cell wall.
Cell wall is a stiff protective layer outside plasma membrane and provides mechanical support and also determines the shape of the cell.
Plant cell wall, what is it made up of?
Cell wall is composed of variety of polysaccharides. Cellulose microfibril is the basic building unit of primary wall surrounded by a matrix of hemicelluloses and pectins.  Secondary wall consists of cellulose microfibrils surrounded by lignin. The orientation of microfibrils is governed by cytoskeleton.
Cellulose is a linear, unbranched polymer, consisting of straight polysaccharide chains made of glucose units linked by 1-4 β glycosidic bond.
Structure of cell wall

What are microfibrils?
Each microfibril is a ribbon like flat fibre of 25-30 nm in diameter. Each microfibril cosists of three elementary fibrils (micelles). Each elementary fibril is made up of 100 cellulose units. Each cellulose molecule consists of 40-70 glucan chains.
Thus 1 microfibril=3x100x70=~21000 glucan chains. Microfibrils have great tensile strength similar to that of rubber.
In short 
Primary wall=cellulose microfibrils+ hemicelluloses+pectin
Middle lamella=pectin
Secondary wall=cellulose microfibrils+ lignin
What are Hemicelluloses?
Are short branched heteropolymers made up of various kinds of monosaccharides like xylose, mannose, glucose etc.
Eg: glucomannans, xyloglucans, xylans.
What are Pectins?
A water soluble branched polysaccharide made up of negatively charged D-galacturonic acid and D-glucoronic acid residues.
Other depositions include cutin (made of fatty acids), Suberin (water resistant coat comprising of fatty acids found in many plant cell walls and cork. Mineral deposits are present in the cell wall of families Cruciferae and Cucurbitaceae (Calcium deposits), whereas silicate deposits are common in the cell wall of Graminae, grass family.
Cell wall synthesis?
Primary cell wall is the first formed boundary of the cell that is formed when cell is increasing in size. It is thin and permeable but cutin deposition makes it impermeable at some sites. Cellulose is synthesised from uridine diphosphoglucose (UDP-glucose) by an enzyme complex, cellulose synthase. Matrix materials, hemicelluloses and pectin are synthesised in the golgi apparatus and transported to the plasma membranes as vesicles where it is discharged and deposited.
Why wood is so hard?
Secondary wall is thick and permeable and consists of cellulose microfibrils and lignin. Even the master digesters, fungus cannot degrade lignin that offers mechanical protection from fungal pathogens. Lignin deposition is very common in wood.
 The formation of the secondary  wall is not uniform in all the cells. The differentiation of various types off cells like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, fibres and tracheids are due to the secondary wall formation
Tertiary wall: In some tissues a tertiary cell wall is formed on the inner surface of the seconary cell wall. This layer is very thin and is found in the xylem tracheids of gymnosperms. It is composed of mainly of xylan, instead of cellulose.
Structure of lignocellulose:The main component of lignocellulose is cellulose, a beta(1–4)-linked chain of glucose molecules. Hydrogen bonds between different layers of the polysaccharides contribute to the resistance of crystalline cellulose to degradation. Hemicellulose, is composed of various 5- and 6-carbon sugars such as arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. Lignin is composed of three major phenolic components, namely p-coumaryl alcohol (H), coniferyl alcohol (G) and sinapyl alcohol (S). Lignin is synthesized by polymerization of these components and their ratio within the polymer varies between different plants, wood tissues and cell wall layers. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin form structures called microfibrils, which are organized into macrofibrils that mediate structural stability in the plant cell wall.

How adjacent cells are joined?
Middle lamella: It is thin amorphous layer of cemeting material present between the adjacent cells. It is chiefly made up of calcium pectate. It is formed at the time of cytokinesis by the joint activity of the cells between it lies. 
How plant cells communicate with each other?
Plasmodesmata
Plamodesmata and desmotubule

The cell wall is perforated by narrow pores or pits at many places.Through these narrow pores, fine strands of cytoplasm are extending. These strands are called plasmodesma connections or plasmodesmata. These connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and facilitate the movement of substance between cells.

 Plasmodesmata are narrow channels through the wall bound by plasmalemmma containing cytoplasm and often a desmotubule. The desmotubule is the cental core and is composed of protein subunits consists of modified membraneous structure  continuous with the endoplasmic reticulam of the adjoining cells.These membraneous structures probably originate from the ER. Desmotubule acts as valve to control the direction of flow of materials.The functions of plasmodesmata may vary. It is concerned with the transport of materials from one cell to another and also conduction of stimuli. In the case of certain parasites like Viscum, Loranthus, Cuscuta etc plasmodesmata connections exist between the haustoria and the cells of their host. Through these channels food and virus are transported.
Functions of the cell wall
  • Cell walls primary function is mechanical support. It acts like a skeletal framework of the plants.
  • Cell wall is tough and has high tensile strength. Still plant cell is fully permeable to water and solutes. Plant cell wall has minute water filled channels through which water,hormones and gases passes to and fro.
  • Cell wall shows plasticity and elasticity during cell growth.
  • It helps to maintain the balance of intracellular  osmotic pressure with that of its surrondings
  • Lignification of secondary walls greatly enhances compressive strength permitting woody structures to reach the sky. Cell wall upon lignification becomes dead as it becomes impermeable and thus protoplasm has no access to take up solutes that is why lignified tissue is always dead.
  • Lignin provided extra mechanical strength and also provides a water resistant channel for transport of solutes.

Additional Points
  •   Algal cell wall:
 Algae typically possess walls constructed of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, however certain algal species may have a cell wall composed of silicic acid. Alginic acid is common polysaccharide in the cell walls of brown algae. Manosyl form microfibrils in the cell walls of a number of marine green algae, such as Acetabularia as well as as in the walls of the some red algae, like Bangia and Porphyra.Sulphonated polysaccharides occur in the cell walls of most algae, those common in red algae include agarose, carrageenan, porphyran, furcelleran and funoran.The group of  algae known as the diatoms synthesise their cell walls from silicic acid ( specially orthosilicic acid, H2SiO4).

Fungi: Cell wall is made up of chitin (Polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine)

Plants: Cell wall is made up of cellulose (β-D-glucose units), hemicellulose (Arabinose, mannose, xylose, galactose, etc.) and pectin (Galactose, galacturonic acid and arabinose).
A typical cell is made up of four layers: middle lamella, primary, secondary and tertiary wall. Middle lamella is the cementing layer between the cells. It is made up of Ca and Mg pectates. 



------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

biotechnology


1.   Highest capacity vector is
a) Cosmid
b) YAC
c) Yeast integrative vector
d) Bacteriophage vector
Ans: b
  • Cosmid: A plasmid with a cos site of lambda phage.Insert size: 30-45 kb
  • YAC: yeast artificial chromosome. Insert size: 1 Mb
  • Bacteriophage vectors: refers to lambda and M13 phage vectors
  • Lambda phage vectors: Insert size: 8-23 kb
  • M13 vectors used for obtaining single stranded copies of cloned DNA that are suited for DNA sequencing
  • BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. Insert size: 300 kb
2.   The C value denotes the total number of DNA in a
        a) Diploid
        b) Haploid
        c) Aneuploid
        d) Polyploid
      Ans:b
  • C value: Haploid DNA content of an organism or the amount of DNA in haploid nuclei like a gamete.
  • C value paradox: refers to the phenomenon that huge genomic content has nothing to do with the complexity of an organism.For eg: Protists has genome size much larger than humans.
3. Cdc mutants are useful for the study of 
a) Chromosome breakpoint
b) Apoptopsis
c) Various stages of Cell cycle
d) Homeodomain 
 Ans: c  cdc refers to cell division cycle

4.  RNA is very much susceptible to hydrolysis in alkali because
a) It contains Uracil residues in its structure
b) Its 2’ OH groove participate in intramolecular cleavage of phosphodiester backbone
c) Cleavage occurs in the glycosilic bonds of purine bases
d)Cleavage occurs in the glycosilic bonds of pyrimidine bases
Ans:b
  • Because of the presence of 2’ OH group in the ribose sugar
  • DNA is more stable than RNA because of the presence of H at 2’ position in DNA rather than OH in RNA.
5. Which one of the following is not a requirement of a PCR reaction?
a) DNA template
b) NTPs
c) MgCl2
d) Taq polymerase
Ans:d
Here the best option is MgCl2 even though it is required for DNA polymerase activity. (It can be avoided)

6. The heterozygosity of any locus can be ascertained by
 a) SNPs
b) RFLPs
c) FISH analysis
d) Either RFLP analysis or SNP
Ans: d
  • SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism refers to the variation in the lengths of some DNA btw individuals due to single base changes
          Application: used in DNA finger printing
  • RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism: refers to the variation in the restriction fragment length between individuals of a species.
  •  FISH: florescence insitu hybridization: hybridizing fluorescently labelled DNA probes on to human chromosome preparations allows genes to be mapped directly to their chromosomal locations.
7.  Hormone pairs requires for a callus to differentiate are
 a) Auxin and Cytokinin
b) Auxin and Gibberellin
c) Cytokinin and Gibberellin
d) Ethylene and Gibberllin 
Ans: a
Auxin induces rooting whereas cytokinins promote shooting if supplied in optimum ratio.

8. Embryo rescue is a useful technique to 
 a) Grow /generate hybrids between different plant species
 b) Complete the growth of embryos susceptible to defects in seed development
 c) Break the dormancy of seeds
 d) All of the above
Ans:d 

9. Antibody diversity is generated by           
a) protein splicing
b) somatic mutations
c) allelic exclusion
d) interchromosomal recombination          
   Ans: b
  • Somatic mutation: a mechanism by which point mutations are introduced into rearranged immunoglobulin variable region genes during activation and proliferation of B cells. It contributes significantly to antibody diversity.
  • Allelic exclusion: a process that permits the expression of only one of the allelic forms of a gene. It contributes to specificity of IgGs
10. The precursor for penicillin-G biosynthesis during fermentation process is            
a)Phenylacetic acid
b)Acetic acid
c)Phenoxy acetic acid
d)None of the above
Ans:c 

11.Plastome is                
a)Plasmalemma protein
b)A type of plasmid
c)An organellar genome
d)None of the above
Ans: plastome: Genetic material of plastid like Chloroplast

12. Which of the following process require energy
a) ligation
b) restriction digestion
c) hybridization
d) transformation
Ans:a
Ligation: sealing of single stranded nicks or breaks by ligase enzyme. The process requires ATP and NADP+.

13) Enhanced axillary branching for multiple shoot production is promoted by               
a)2,4-D
b)Abscisic acid
c)BA (Benzyl adenine)
d)Gibberellic acid
Ans:a
2,4-D is an auxin and auxin is responsible for sustaining apical dominance there by promoting axillary branching

14.  Viral replication within cells is inhibited by             
a)IL-4
b)IL-1
c)IFN alpha
d)TNF alpha
Ans:c 
Interferons: are antiviral agents (proteins) secreted by virus infected cells and induces a virus resistant state to the surrounding cells by inhibiting its replication.

15.  In the course of cell cycle, the level of the protein cyclin abruptly falls during             
a) G1phase
b) G2 phase
c) S phase
d) M phase
 Ans:d                                    


16. Protein binding regions of DNA are identified by one of the following techniques
a) Finger printing
b) Foot printing
c) Southern blotting
d) Western blotting
  Ans: (b) Foot Printing
  • Foot Printing: The identification of a protein-binding site on a DNA molecule by determining which phosphodiester bonds are protected from cleavage by DNase I.
  • Southern Blotting: The technique used for identifying specific DNA fragment using labelled probe.
17.Si RNA (s) interfere at
a) Transcriptional level
b) Post -transcriptional level
c) DNA replication level
d)Translational level
Ans: (b) Post -transcriptional level

18. Plant secondary metabolites
a) Help to increase the growth rate of plant
b) Help in plant reproduction processes
c) Provide defence mechanisms against microbial attack
d) Make the plant susceptible to unfavourable conditions
Ans: (c) Provide defence mechanisms against microbial attack

19. Mobile genetic elements present in human genome are
P) LINES
Q) SINES
R) P elements
S) IS elements
(a) Q, R (b) P, Q  (c) P, R (d) Q, S
Ans: (b) P, Q

20. Meristems escape virus invasion because
a)Vascular system is absent in the meristem
b) of low metabolic activity in the meristem
c) of low endogenous auxin level
d) the virus inactivating system has low activity in the meristem
Ans: b) of low metabolic activity in the meristem

21. The enzyme that can be used in 5’end labeling of DNA are
P) Alkaline phosphatase
Q) DNA ligase
R) Terminal transferase
S) Polynucleotide kinase
(a) P, S (b) R, Q (c) P, R (d) R, S
Ans: (a) P, S

22. Identify the natural plant growth regulators from the following list
 P) Zeatin
Q) Benzylamino purine (BAP)
R) Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
S)  2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
(a)P, Q (b) Q, S (c) P, R(d) R,S
Ans: c) P, R

23. Cells of meristemoid are best described as
a) differentiated and non dividing
b) Dedifferentiated and dividing
c) differentiated and dividing
d) dedifferentiated and non dividing
Ans: c) differentiated and dividing

24. Ultra filtration process cannot be used for
a)Fractionation of Proteins
b)Desalting
c) Harvesting of cells
d)Selective removal of solvents
Ans: c) Harvesting of cells

25. The number of replicons in a typical mammalian cell is
a) 40-200
b) 400
c) 1000-2000
d) 50000-100000
Ans: a) 40-200

26. What product will result from complete hydrolysis of soluble dextran
a) Sucrose only
b) Fructose only
c) Glucose &Fructose only
d) Glucose only
Ans: d) Glucose only

27. The mobility of DNA in agarose gel electrophoresis is solely based on its
a) Charge
b) Conformation
c) Size
d) None of these
Ans: c) Size

28. Which of the following fluorescent probes is used to monitor the progress of amplification of Real Time PCR?
a) SYBR Green
b) FITC
c) Cyan Blue
d) Rhodamine
Ans: b) FITC

29. Expression of which of the following reporter genes does not require addition of specific substrate for detection
a) Luciferase
b) β- Glucuronidase
c) β-Glucosidase
d) Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
        Ans: a) Luciferase
                                                                                 
30. Zinc fingers are characteristic of
(a) Blood clotting Proteins
(b) RNA Chaperones
(c) DNA binding proteins
(d) Lysosomal hydrolyses
Ans: DNA binding proteins
  • Chaperons: proteins that assist in proper folding of proteins.
31. Multiplication of genetically identical copies of a cultivar by asexual reproduction is known as
(a) aclonal propagation
(b) clonal propagaation
(c) polyclonal propagation
(d) vegetative propagation
Ans: clonal propagaation

32. Parthenogenetic embryos in plant are those are formed by
(a) unfertilized eggs
(b) fertilized eggs
(c) male gametophyte
(d) sporophytic cells
Ans: unfertilized eggs
  • Parthenogenesis: The development of an individual from an egg without fertilization.
33. Which one of the following is the growth factor used for growth of tissues and organs in plant tissue culture?
(a) Cytokinin
(b) Cysteine
(c) Cytidylate
(d) Cyclic AMP
Ans: Cytokinin
  • Cysteine :Sulphur containing amino acid
  • Cytidylate: an enzyme with kinase activity
  • Cyclic AMP: second messenger in intracellular signal transduction
34. Which of the following techniques is best suited for immobilizing an affinity ligand?
(a) Physical adsorption
(b) Gel entrapment
(c) Cross-linking with a polymer
(d) Covalent linkage to a spacer arm
Ans: Covalent linkage to a spacer arm                                                   


 35.  To be a cloning vector, a plasmid does NOT require
a) an origin of replication
b) a restriction site
c) an antibiotic resistance marker
d) to have a high copy number
Ans: d) to have a high copy number

Properties of a Cloning Vector
  • Should be able to replicate autonomously
  • Easy to transform
  • Should have suitable marker
  • Unique restriction sites
  • For expression vector, control elements like promoter, operator etc should be there.
36. Enzyme papain is used with success to
a) increase in meat production
b) leaven bread
c) ripen papaya fruit
d) tenderize meat
Ans: d) tenderize meat
  • Source: papaya fruit
37. For protoplast fusion to be successful in plant cells
a) fusion agents other than polyethylene glycol should be used
b) cellwall of the two strains of cells should be compatible
c) DNA between the two cells should be compatible
d) osmolarity of the medium is not important
Ans: DNA between the two cells should be compatible

38. In animal cell culture, the addition of serum to media is essential for providing
a) amino acids for protein synthesis
b) nucleotides for DNA synthesis
c) growth factors
d) All of the above
Ans: All of the above

39. Which one of the following reactions is used for the purpose of recycling enzymes in bioprocesses?
a) isomerisation
b) immobilisation
c) phosphorylation
d) polymerisation
Ans: Immobilisation
  • Technique used for the fixation of enzymes or cells on to solid supports
  • Advantage: reuse of enzyme for many reactions
  • Methods of enzyme immobilization:-adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, membrane confinement


------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

GATE Questions: Biochemistry

 1. Which of the following inhibitor uncouples electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?
(a) Azide
(b) Dinitrophenol (DNP)
(c)Oligomycin
(d) Rotenone
Ans: Dinitrophenol (DNP)
  • Azide  (N3-), cyanide (CN-) and CO all inhibit cytochrome oxidase
  • DNP is an un coupling agent as they stop ATP synthesis without disrupting electron transport.  Here the energy derived from electron transport is released as heat.
  • Rotenone and amytal inhibits electron transport at NADH dehydrogenase 
  • Uncoupling protein thermogenin in brown adipose tissue for maintaining body temperature in cold thriving animals
  • Non shivering thermogenesis: The production of heat by uncoupling
2. Which of the following activate Protein kinace C
(a) Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
(b) Diacylglycerol
(c)Inositol
(d)Cyclic AMP
Ans: Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
  • All options are intracellular signalling molecules called second messengers
3. Transcription initiation sites can be determined by
(a) Foot Printing
(b) Northern Blotting
(c) Primer extension
(d) Nick translation
Ans: Foot Printing
  • DNA foot printing: The identification of protein binding site on a DNA molecule Here RNA polymerase enzyme (a protein) binds to the transcription initiation site at the beginning of transcription.
  • Northern Blotting: identifying specific RNA sequence in a sample using a probe
  • Primer extension: by DNA polymerase
  • Nick translation: The repair of nick (ss breaks) using DNA pol I, generally to introduce labelled nucleotides into a DNA molecule
4. One common feature between B and T cells is that
(a) both cells produce antibodies
(b) both cells possess MHC class II
(c) both B cell receptor and T cell receptor undergo rearrangement
(d) both cells can produce cytokines
Ans:  both B cell receptor and T cell receptor undergo rearrangement
  • Only B cell can produce antibodies (specifically plasma cells)
  •  Only B cells possess MHC class II as it can also function as antigen presenting cells
  • Only T cell can produce cytokines that eventually activates B cells
5. In Hybridoma technology, the myeloma cells used
(a) lack HGPRTase
(b) lack the ability to produce Ig
(c) lack both HGPRTase and ability to produce Ig
(d) lack thymidine kinase
Ans: lack HGPRTase
  • Myeloma cells will die out in HAT selection medium as it lacks HGPRTase (enzyme in nucleotide synthesis) and B cells will undergo normal cell death and only hybrid cells survive in HAT medium (refer monoclonal antibody production)                                   
6. Which amino acid residue is most likely to be found in the interior of a water soluble globular protein?
a) Ser
b) Arg
c) Asp
d) Val
Ans: Valine: A hydrophobic amino acid preferring interior of the globular protein
  • Arginine and asparagine are hydrophilic and tend to be in the exterior, serine is also reactive due to the presence of OH group (polar).
7.  Of the peptide sequences given below, which one is the digestive enzyme trypsin most likely to cleave?
a) ----Val-Lys-Pro-Met----
b) ----Arg-Val-Phe-Tyr----
c) ----Glu-Gly-Trp-Gly----
d) ----Trp-Asp-Gln-Pro---- 

Ans: b) ----Arg-Val-Phe-Tyr----
  • Digestive enzyme Trypsin cleave on the C terminal side of basic amino acids (Arg, Lys) residues
  • Chymotrypsin cleave on the C terminal side of aromatic amino acids (Phe, Trp, Tyr) residues
  • Cyanogen bromide cleave C terminal side of Met residues
8. Which pair of amino acids will have the highest absorbance at 280 nm? (Assume equimolar concentarions)
a) Thr & His
b) Phe & Pro
c) Trp &Tyr
d) Phe & His
Ans: c) Trp &Tyr
  • Absorbance at 280nm is by aromatic amino acids. Here Tryptophan and tyrosine are the aromatic amino acids (Phe is the other aromatic amino acid)
  • Order of absorbance: Trp>Tyr>Phe
  • The aromatic rings of Trp and Tyr contain delocalised π electrons that strongly absorb UV light (280nm).
9. Vitamin D is derived from which of the following precursors by the action of UV-light?
a) 7-Dehyrocholestrol
b) Lanosterol
c) Glycocholate
d) Squalene epoxide
Ans: a) 7-Dehyrocholestrol
  • Vit-D (Cholecalciferol)
For more, refer our post: Vitamins

10. The molecular defect in familial hypercholesterolemia is due to the lack of functional
a) VLDL receptor
b) IDL receptor
c) LDL receptor
d) HDL receptor
Ans: c) LDL receptor
  • Familial hypercholesterolemia an inherited disorder 
  • Condition: elevated level of cholesterol in the blood as LDL cholesterol cannot be taken up by the tissues.
------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

Immunology Glossary Terms


Immunology
: (“immunis” Latin=’exempt’): Brach of biomedical science that deals with the study of all aspects of immune system in all organisms.

Immune system: refers to the collection of mechanisms involving cells, tissues and organs that protects organisms against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells.
Immunity:  to the state or quality of being resistant (immune) from infectious disease, either by virtue of previous exposure (adaptive immunity) or as an inherent trait (innate immunity).

Immunization: the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject..

Immunogen: A substance capable of eliciting an immune response. All immunogens are antigens, but some antigens are not immunogens (e.g., haptens).

Immunogenicity: The capacity of a substance to induce an immune response under a given set of conditions.

Innateimmunity/inborn/genetic/heritable: Nonspecific host defences that exist prior to exposure to an antigen and involve anatomic, physiologic, endocytic and phagocytic and inflammatory mechanisms.

Adaptive immunity/acquired/specific: Host defences that are mediated by B and T cells following exposure to antigen and that exhibit specificity, diversity, memory and self/non-self-recognition.------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

جامعة دمياط - كلية التربية النوعية - أ.م.د. إيهاب فتحى جبر أبو العدب


جامعة دمياط - كلية التربية النوعية
الإسم:أ.م.د. إيهاب فتحى جبر أبو العدب
الجهة:جامعة دمياط - كلية التربية النوعية - الاقتصاد المنزلى
المؤهل:الدكتوراه - التخصص كيمياء (حيوية ) - عام 2006 - من كلية العلوم
ماجستير - التخصص كيمياء( كيمياء حيوية) - عام 1994 - من كلية العلوم
بكالوريوس - التخصص كيمياء - عام 1990 - بتقدير جيد - من كلية العلوم
الوظيفة:استاذ مساعد لقب علمي
البريد الإلكتروني:ehab10f@mans.edu.eg
الوظائف الإشرافية:عضو كنترول الفرقة الثالثة جميع الشعب الفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعى 2011/2012 من 10/5/2012 حتى الأن
عضو بكنترول الفرقة الأولى جميع الشعب وتخلفات الفرق الأخرى للفصل الدراسى الثانى للعام الجامعى 2010/2011 من 21/5/2011 حتى الأن
عضو مجلس قسم الاقتصاد المنزلى للعام الجامعى 2011/2012 من 18/3/2011 حتى 29/8/2011
عضو بكنترول الفرقة الأولى جميع الشعب الفصل الدراسى الأول للعام الجامعى 2010/2011 من 22/12/2010 حتى الأن
عضو لجنة المختبرات العلمية بالكلية للعام الجامعى 2010/2011 من 29/8/2010 حتى 31/7/2011
عضو لجنة المختبرات العلمية للعام الجامعى 2009/2010 من 23/8/2009 حتى الأن
عضو كنترول الفرقة الثالثة(قديم حديث) جميع الشعب2008/2009 من 6/12/2008 حتى 31/7/2009
عضو لجنة المختبرات العلمية للعام الجامعى 2008/2009 من 21/8/2008 حتى الأن
عضو كنترول التخلفات جميع الفرق2008/2009 من 6/8/2008 حتى 31/7/2009
عضو مجلس ادارة وحدة ضمان الجودةوالأعتماد بالكلية من 25/6/2008 حتى 22/6/2009
عضو بلجنة الطباعة والإعلام فى المؤتمر السنوى التاسع بكلية التربية النوعية بدمياط(تطوير كليات التربية النوعية فى ضوء معايير الجودة والاعتماد) من 29/4/2008 حتى 30/4/2008
عضو لجنة الخطة البحثية للكلية بلجنة الجودة والاعتماد للعام الجامعى 2007/2008 من 31/12/2007 حتى الأن
منسق برنامج الاقتصاد المنزلى بالكلية بالتعاون مع وحدة ضمان الجودة من 26/12/2007 حتى الأن
عضو بكنترول الفرقة الأولى جميع الشعب للعام الجامعى 2007/2008 من 5/12/2007 حتى الأن
عضو مجلس قسم الأقتصاد المنزلى من 24/10/2007 حتى 23/10/2008
السيرة الذاتية


------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------