JOURNALS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS
Show all 76 resultsBest Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com
Monday, August 20, 2012
springer journals
Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com
Buffer Preparation
There are two principal methods for preparing buffers:
1) Both components of the conjugate acid-base pair are weighed out separately to obtain the desired ratio and then dissolved in water.
2) Both components are obtained from a prescribed amount of only one component, with the second being produced by a specified amount of strong acid or strong base to yield the desired ratio.
Here's how to do it:
Type 1: Both components weighed out separatelyExample: Prepare 1 L of a 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, assuming the availability of solid H3PO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and K3PO4.
Step 1) Determine the principal components of the buffer system. This is easy for a monoprotic system. For diprotic or polyprotic systems, this can vary depending upon the desired pH. Identify the conjugate acid-base pair and write out the equilibrium.
In this case, the desired pH (7.5) is closest to the pKa of the second ionization:
H2PO4- <- -> H+ + HPO42- pKa'= 7.21
Step 2) Calculate the desired ratio of the conjugate acid-base pair using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa' = log ([HPO42-]/[ H2PO4-])
[HPO42-]/[ H2PO4-] = 10pH-pKa
In this case, [HPO42-]/[ H2PO4-] = 107.5-7.21 = 100.29 = 1.95
We can solve it thus:
[HPO42-] = 0.5M - [H2PO4-]
[H2PO4-] = 0.5M/2.95 = 0.169 M
[HPO42-] = 0.5M - 0.169M = 0.331 M
Step 4) Calculate the required amount of each material.
Multiplying by 1 L, we know that we need 0.169 moles of KH2PO4 and 0.331 moles of K2HPO4. After calculating the formula weights of these, we can obtain the required masses:
K2HPO4 : (0.331 mol)(174.2 g/mol) = 57.7 g K2HPO4
Type 2: Both components originate from same sourceExample: Prepare 1 L of a 0.1 M Tris buffer at pH 8.3, assuming the availability of solid Tris base *, 1 M HCl, and 1 M NaOH.
* Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
(HOCH2)3C-NH2 ; MW = 121 g/mol
The crystalline form is the free amine (i.e. basic form).
Step 1) The equilibrium is:(HOCH2)3C-NH2 + H+ < – > (HOCH2)3C-NH3+ pKa'= 8.3
Step 2) Calculate the desired ratio of the conjugate acid-base pair using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa' = log ([Tris]/[Tris+])
[Tris]/[Tris+] = 10pH-pKa
In this case, [Tris]/[Tris+] = 108.3-8.3 = 100 = 1
(This should have been obvious.)
Thus, we will want a mix of:
0.05 M (HOCH2)3C-NH3+
Step 4) Prepare the buffer. Weight out 0,1 moles of crystalline Tris (12.1 g) and dissolve in about 900 mL of distilled water. Add 50 mL of HCl and mix well. Check the pH and adjust if necessary. Bring the total volume to 1 L.
Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com
SI Unit Conversion Calculator
he International System of Units (SI Units) is provided by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). SI is the modern form of the metric system, which contains e.g. weight indications in grams, milligrams and kilograms. It is the world-wide mostly applied system in technology and science and the preferred system of units used in The Review of Diabetic Studies. In some countries, among them the USA, partly other units are used. We call these the conventional or US units.
Find below a chemical conversion table containing chemical compounds with factors for conversion from conventional (or US) to SI units as well as acalculator for conversions of all listed chemicals and substances. The calculation refers to the units indicated in the table. No responsibility is taken for the correctness of this information. The collection below includes glucose, which is also described in more detail here.
Find below a chemical conversion table containing chemical compounds with factors for conversion from conventional (or US) to SI units as well as acalculator for conversions of all listed chemicals and substances. The calculation refers to the units indicated in the table. No responsibility is taken for the correctness of this information. The collection below includes glucose, which is also described in more detail here.
Conversion table for chemical compounds from conventional to SI units
Conventional unit => SI unit: multiply by factor
SI unit => conventional unit: divide by factor
Conventional unit => SI unit: multiply by factor
SI unit => conventional unit: divide by factor
| Compound | Conventional (US) Unit | Factor | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Milligram to deciliter (general metric conversion) | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| 11-Deoxycortisol | µg/dl | 28.86 | nmol/l |
| 11-Deoxycorticosterone | pg/ml | 3.03 | pmol/l |
| 17-Ketosteroids | µg/dl | 0.01 | mg/l |
| Acetaminophen | µg/ml | 6.62 | µmol/l |
| Acetoacetic acid | mg/dl | 0.098 | mmol/l |
| Acetone | mg/dl | 172.414 | µmol/l |
| Acid phosphatase | units/l | 1 | U/l |
| Acid phosphatase (Bessey-Lowry-Brock units) | units/l (Bessey-Lowry-Brock) | 16.666 | U/l |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | pg/ml | 0.22 | pmol/l |
| Alanine | mg/dl | 112.2 | µmol/l |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | units/l | 1.0 | U/l |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT microkatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Albumin | g/dl | 10 | g/l |
| Aldolase | units/dl | 7.4 | mU/l |
| Aldolase (Sibley-Lehninger units) | units/l (Sibley-Lehninger) | 0.74 | U/l |
| Aldolase (microkatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Aldosterone | ng/dl | 0.0277 | nmol/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (King-Armstrong units) | units/dl (King-Armstrong) | 7.143 | U/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (Babson units) | units/l (Babson) | 1 | U/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (microkatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Alpha-1 antitrypsin | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Alpha-fetoprotein | ng/ml | 1.0 | µg/l |
| Aluminum | ng/ml | 0.0371 | µmol/l |
| Aminobutyric acid | mg/dl | 97 | µmol/l |
| Amitriptyline | ng/ml | 3.61 | nmol/l |
| Ammonia (as NH3) | µg/dl | 0.5872 | µmol/l |
| Ammonia (as NH4) | µg/dl | 0.5543 | µmol/l |
| Ammonia (as nitrogen) | µg/dl | 0.7139 | µmol/l |
| Amylase | units/l | 1.0 | U/l |
| Amylase (Somogyi units) | units/dl (Somogyi) | 1.848 | U/l |
| Amylase (microkatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Androstenedione | ng/dl | 34.965 | pmol/l |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | nmol/min/ml | 1 | U/l |
| Angiotensin I | pg/ml | 0.772 | pmol/l |
| Angiotensin II | pg/ml | 0.957 | pmol/l |
| Anion gap | mEq/l | 1 | mmol/l |
| Antidiuretic hormone | pg/ml | 0.923 | pmol/l |
| Apolipoprotein A | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Apolipoprotein B | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Arginine | mg/dl | 57.4 | µmol/l |
| Asparagine | mg/dl | 75.7 | µmol/l |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | units/l | 1.0 | U/l |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST mikrokatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Bicarbonate | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Bilirubin | mg/dl | 17.1 | µmol/l |
| Bromide | mg/dl | 0.125 | mmol/l |
| Carbon dioxide | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Carbonic acid (H2CO3) | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| C-peptide | ng/ml | 0.333 | nmol/l |
| C1 esterase inhibitor | mg/dl | 10.0 | mg/l |
| C3 complement | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| C4 complement | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Calcitonin | pg/ml | 0.01 | ng/l |
| Calcium | mg/dl | 0.25 | mmol/l |
| Carotene | µg/dl | 0.0186 | µmol/l |
| Catecholamines (fractionated - epinephrine) | pg/ml | 5.459 | pmol/l |
| Catecholamines (fractionated - norepinephrine) | pg/ml | 5.899 | pmol/l |
| Ceruloplasmin | mg/dl | 10 | mg/l |
| Chloride | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Cholesterol | mg/dl | 0.0259 | mmol/l |
| Cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) | units/l | 1 | U/l |
| Citrate | mg/dl | 52.05 | µmol/l |
| Copper | µg/dl | 0.157 | µmol/l |
| Corticotropin (ACTH) | pg/ml | 0.22 | pmol/l |
| Cortisol | µg/dl | 27.59 | nmol/l |
| Cotinine | ng/ml | 5.68 | nmol/l |
| Creatine | mg/dl | 76.26 | µmol/l |
| Creatine kinase | units/l | 1 | U/l |
| Creatine kinase (microkatal) | units/l | 0.017 | µkat/l |
| Creatinine | mg/dl | 88.4 | µmol/l |
| Creatinine clearance | ml/min | 0.0167 | ml/s |
| Cyanide | mg/l | 23.24 | µmol/l |
| cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | µg/l | 0.329 | nmol/l |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | ng/ml | 3.467 | nmol/l |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) | ng/ml | 2.714 | nmol/l |
| Delta-aminolevulinic acid | mg/dl | 76.336 | µmol/l |
| Desipramine | ng/ml | 3.754 | nmol/l |
| Diazepam | µg/ml | 3.512 | µmol/l |
| Dicoumarol | mg/l | 2.974 | µmol/l |
| Digoxin | ng/ml | 1.281 | nmol/l |
| Dimethadione | g/l | 7.745 | mmol/l |
| Disopyramide | mg/l | 2.946 | µmol/l |
| Doxepin | ng/ml | 3.579 | nmol/l |
| Epinephrine | pg/ml | 5.458 | pmol/l |
| Estradiol | pg/ml | 3.671 | pmol/l |
| Estriol | ng/ml | 3.467 | nmol/l |
| Estrone | pg/ml | 3.699 | pmol/l |
| Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) | mg/dl | 0.217 | mmol/l |
| Ethchlorvynol | mg/l | 6.915 | µmol/l |
| Ethosuximide | mg/l | 7.084 | µmol/l |
| Ethylene glycol | mg/l | 16.11 | µmol/l |
| Fatty acids | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Ferritin | ng/ml | 2.247 | pmol/l |
| Fibrinogen | mg/dl | 0.0294 | µmol/l |
| Fluoride | µg/ml | 52.6 | µmol/l |
| Fluoride (per 24h) | mg/24h | 52.63 | µmol/24h |
| Folate | ng/ml | 2.266 | nmol/l |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | mIU/ml | 1.0 | IU/l |
| Fructose | mg/dl | 55.506 | µmol/l |
| Galactose | mg/dl | 55.506 | µmol/l |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) | units/l | 1 | U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT in microkatal) | U/l | 0.01667 | µkat/l |
| Gastrin | pg/ml | 1 | ng/l |
| Glucagon | pg/ml | 1.0 | ng/l |
| Glucose | mg/dl | 0.0555 | mmol/l |
| Glutamine | mg/dl | 68.42 | µmol/l |
| Glutathione | mg/dl | 0.032 | mmol/l |
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) | % of total hemoglobin | 0.01 | Proportion of total hemoglobin |
| Growth hormone | ng/ml | 1.0 | µg/l |
| Guanase | nM/ml/min | 1.0 | U/l |
| Haptoglobin | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Hemoglobin (whole blood) | g/dl | 10 | g/l |
| Hemoglobin (substance concentration Hb) | g/dl | 0.6206 | mmol/l |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol | mg/dl | 0.0259 | mmol/l |
| Histidine | mg/dl | 64.45 | µmol/l |
| Homocysteine | mg/l | 7.397 | µmol/l |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Immunoglobulin D (IgD) | mg/dl | 10 | mg/l |
| Immunoglobulin E (IgE) | mg/dl | 10 | mg/l |
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Insulin | µIU/ml | 6.945 | pmol/l |
| Iodine | µg/dl | 0.079 | µmol/l |
| Iron | µg/dl | 0.179 | µmol/l |
| Isoleucine | mg/dl | 76.24 | µmol/l |
| Isopropanol | mg/l | 0.0166 | mmol/l |
| Lactate (lactic acid) | mg/dl | 0.111 | mmol/l |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | units/l | 1 | U/l |
| Leucine | mg/dl | 76.237 | µmol/l |
| Leucine aminopeptidase (Goldbarg-Rutenberg units) | units/ml (Goldbarg-Rutenberg) | 0.24 | U/l |
| Lipase | units/l | 1.0 | U/l |
| Lipids (total) | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Lipoprotein (a) | mg/dl | 0.0357 | µmol/l |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol | mg/dl | 0.0259 | mmol/l |
| Lysine | mg/dl | 68.5 | µmol/l |
| Magnesium | mg/dl | 0.411 | mmol/l |
| Manganese | ng/ml | 18.2 | nmol/l |
| Methanol | mg/l | 0.0312 | mmol/l |
| Methionine | mg/dl | 67.02 | µmol/l |
| Myoglobin | µg/l | 0.0571 | nmol/l |
| Nicotine | mg/l | 6.164 | µmol/l |
| Nitrogen (nonprotein) | mg/dl | 0.714 | mmol/l |
| Ornithine | mg/dl | 75.67 | µmol/l |
| Osmolality | mOsm/kg | 1.0 | mmol/kg |
| Oxalate | mg/l | 11.1 | µmol/l |
| Oxygen | Hg | 0.133 | kPa |
| Parathyroid hormone | pg/ml | 1.0 | ng/l |
| Phenobarbital | mg/l | 4.31 | µmol/l |
| Phenylalanine | mg/dl | 60.54 | µmol/l |
| Phospholipids | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Phosphorus | mg/dl | 0.323 | mmol/l |
| Plasminogen | mg/dl | 0.113 | µmol/l |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor | mIU/ml | 1.0 | IU/l |
| Potassium | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Progesterone | ng/ml | 3.18 | nmol/l |
| Prolactin | µg/l | 43.478 | pmol/l |
| Proline | mg/dl | 86.86 | µmol/l |
| Protein, total | g/dl | 10 | g/l |
| Prothrombin | g/l | 13.889 | µmol/l |
| Quinidine | µg/ml | 3.08 | µmol/l |
| Renin | pg/ml | 0.0237 | pmol/l |
| Salicylate | mg/dl | 0.0724 | mmol/l |
| Serine | mg/dl | 95.2 | µmol/l |
| Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) | ng/ml | 0.00568 | µmol/l |
| Sodium | mEq/l | 1.0 | mmol/l |
| Somatomedin-C (insulinlike growth factor) | ng/ml | 0.131 | nmol/l |
| Somatostatin | pg/ml | 0.611 | pmol/l |
| Taurine | mg/dl | 79.91 | µmol/l |
| Testosterone | ng/dl | 0.0347 | nmol/l |
| Threonine | mg/dl | 83.95 | µmol/l |
| Thyroglobulin | ng/ml | 1.0 | µg/l |
| Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH) | mIU/l | 1.0 | mIU/l |
| Transferase | U/ml | 0.48 | U/l |
| Transferrin | mg/dl | 0.01 | g/l |
| Triglycerides | mg/dl | 0.0113 | mmol/l |
| Tryptophan | mg/dl | 48.97 | µmol/l |
| Tyrosine | mg/dl | 55.19 | µmol/l |
| Urea clearance | ml/min | 0.0167 | ml/s |
| Urea nitrogen | mg/dl | 0.357 | mmol/l |
| Uric acid | mg/dl | 59.48 | µmol/l |
| Valine | mg/dl | 85.5 | µmol/l |
| Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide | pg/ml | 1.0 | ng/l |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | µg/dl | 0.0349 | µmol/l |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | ng/ml | 4.046 | nmol/l |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | pg/ml | 0.738 | pmol/l |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | mg/dl | 56.78 | µmol/l |
| Vitamin D (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D) | pg/ml | 2.6 | pmol/l |
| Vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) | ng/ml | 2.496 | nmol/l |
| Vitamin E | mg/dl | 23.22 | µmol/l |
| Vitamin K | ng/ml | 2.22 | nmol/l |
| Warfarin | µg/ml | 3.247 | µmol/l |
| Zinc | µg/dl | 0.153 | µmol/l |
Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com
Biochemistry Graphics on the Web
Amino Acids & Proteins
Biochemistry Website at UCSB with Chime displays of amino acids and proteins.
· Structure and Packing of the Alpha Helix A detailed tutorial on the 
-helix and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University California
-helix and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University
· Structure and Packing of the Beta Pleated Sheet A detailed tutorial on the 
-sheet and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University California
-sheet and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University
The Online Macrmolecular Museum at Cal Lutheran University
Web Biochemistry Amino acid and protein tutorials (with quizzes) at Curtin University in Perth , W. Australia .
Biological Sciences 102 Home Page at UC Davis.
Medical Biochemistry at Univ. Kansas Medical Center
The Biology Hypertextbook Home Page at MIT. Many topics are displayed as GIFs, with self-quizzes on each topic.
Interactive Biochemistry at the University of Virginia
Biomolecular Structures at Göteborg University (Sweden ) shows molecules as Chime images with brief explanations.
Glycolysis
Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry Major pathways are shown as 2-D (GIFs) or 3-D (Chime images) with each on a single page.
The Glycolysis Pathway View substrates, and products (GIFs); and enzyme structures (RasMol).
Select an EC number to obtain further information on enzyme and reaction catalyzed.
Design It Yourself Glycolysis Homepage. Stepwise quiz on the pathway.
Step by Step Glycolysis. Fact Sheet; Reaction & Animation (Windows 3.1).
TCA Cycle
TCA Cycle Intermediates using Chime with capsule comments at Univ. Kansas Medical Center
TCA Cycle Problem Solving (MS Windows Only).
General & Miscellaneous
Principles of Protein Structure using the internet. Detailed explanations and informative graphics on all aspects of the topic.
Biochemistry: A Virtual Text, to accompany Biochemistry, 2nd edition by Mathews and van Holde. Mostly GIFs and JPEGs, but some structures can be viewed with RasMol or Chime.
Dictionary of Science and Technology, a cross-referenced source that explains all of the terms used here. Provides GIF graphics of some of the molecules.
Swiss-Quiz Multiple choice questions on molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. (Perfect scores are rewarded with some Swiss chocolate!)
O Dictionary Library for Hetero Compounds is a catalog of more than 1100 "hetero compounds" found in the Protein Data Bank. This comprehensive listing (150Kb) allows the user to view the molecules with the Chime plug-in. The same information in a linked seven page format (30K per page) is also available.
Periodic Tables of the Elements with clickable links to their chemical and physical properties, etc.
Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)