[Blood (B), Serum (S), Plasma (P),Urine (U)]
------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------
Blood Gases
| |||||||||||||
pH
|
(B- Arterial) 7.35 – 7.45 (H+44.7-45.5 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Partial pressure of CO2
( PaCO2)
|
(B-Arterial) 35 – 45mm Hg(4.7-6 kPa
| ||||||||||||
Partial pressure of O2(PaO2 )
|
(B-Arterial 80) – 100mm Hg(10.67-13.33kPa)
| ||||||||||||
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
|
24-28 meq/L(24-28 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
O2 Sat %( Arterial)
|
90-95
| ||||||||||||
O2 Sat %( Venous)
|
40-70
| ||||||||||||
CO2 content
|
Total Serum 21-30 mmol/L
| ||||||||||||
CO
|
<5% of Hemoglobin
| ||||||||||||
Anion gap
|
7–16 mmol/L
| ||||||||||||
Hematology
| |||||||||||||
Hemoglobin
|
(B)Men-14-18g/dl (2.09-2.79mmol/L)
Women-12 – 16 g/dL (1.86-2.48 mmol/L)
(S) 2-3mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
Haemtocrit (PCV)
|
Men 40 – 52% (0.4-0.52)
Women 37 – 47%(0.37-0.47)
| ||||||||||||
Red Blood Count (RBC)
|
Men-4.5-6.2million/μl(4.5-6.2×1012/L)
Women-4-5.5million/μl(4-5.5×1012/L)
| ||||||||||||
Reticulocytes
|
0.2-2% of red cells
| ||||||||||||
White blood Count(WBC)
|
5000-10,000/ μl (5-10×109/L)
| ||||||||||||
Platelets
|
150,000-400,000/ μL(0.15-0.4×1012/L)
| ||||||||||||
Mean Corpuscular volume(MCV)
|
Men-80-94f L
Women-81-99f L (By coulter counter)
| ||||||||||||
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin(MCH)
|
27-32pg
| ||||||||||||
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration(MCHC)
|
32-36g/dl, red blood cells (32-36%)
| ||||||||||||
Average diameter of red cell
| |||||||||||||
Bleeding time
|
Ivy method, 1-7 minutes(60-420 seconds)
Template method, 3-9 minutes (180-540seconds).
| ||||||||||||
Clot retraction
|
Begins in 1-3 hrs: complete in 6-24 hrs. No clot lysis in 24 hours.
| ||||||||||||
Fragility of red cells
|
Begins at 0.45-0.38%NaCl, complete at 0.36-0.3% NaCl
| ||||||||||||
Partial Thromboplastin time
|
Activated, 25-37seconds
| ||||||||||||
Prothrombin Time
|
(P)11-14.5 seconds, International Normalized Ratio(INR)- (P)2.0-3.0
| ||||||||||||
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or Sed-Rate)
|
Male: 1 – 13 mm/hr
Female: 1 – 20 mm/hr | ||||||||||||
Blood Volume
|
8.5 – 9.1% of total body weight
| ||||||||||||
Endocrines
| |||||||||||||
Adrenals hormones
| |||||||||||||
Cortisol
|
(P) 8.00 AM, 5-25μg/dl(138-690nmol/L)
8.00 PM<10 μg/dl(275 nmol/l)
| ||||||||||||
Aldosterone
|
(P) Supine 2-9 ng/dl (56-250 pmol/L)Increased when upright
| ||||||||||||
Dopamine
|
(P) <135 pg/ml
| ||||||||||||
Epinephrine
|
(P)Supine,<100 pg/ml(<550pmol/l)
| ||||||||||||
Nor Epinephrine
|
(P)Supine,<500 pg/ml(<3nmol/l)
| ||||||||||||
Adrenal hormones and metabolites
| |||||||||||||
Aldosterone
|
(U)2-26μg/24 hrs (5.5-72 nmol/d), values vary with sodium and potassium intake
| ||||||||||||
Catecholamines
|
(U)Total,<100 μg//24 hrs
| ||||||||||||
Epinephrine
|
(U)<10 μg//24 hrs(<100 nmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Nor Epinephrine
|
(U)<100 μg//24 hrs(<590nmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Cortisol
|
Free(U)-20-100 μg//24 hrs(0.55-2.76μmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
11,17 OH corticoids
|
(U)Men-4-12mg/24 hrs
Women-4-8mg/24 hrs
| ||||||||||||
17- keto steroids
|
(U)< 8 Years 0-2mg/24 hrs
Adolescents-2-20mg/24 hrs(1mg=3.5μmol)
| ||||||||||||
Metanephrine
|
(U)<1.3 mg/24 hrs(<6.6 μmol/d) or <2.2μg/mg creatinine
| ||||||||||||
Vanillyl Mandelic acid(VMA)
|
(U)Up to 7 mg/24 hrs(< 35 μmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Pituitary
| |||||||||||||
Growth hormone(GH)
|
(S) Adults, 1-10 ng/ml, (46-465 pmol/L) by RIA
| ||||||||||||
Thyroid Stimulating hormone(TSH)
|
(S) < 10μU/ ml
| ||||||||||||
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
(S) Pre pubertal-, 2-12 m IU/ml
Adult men- 1-15 m IU/ml
Adult Women-1-30 m IU/ml
| ||||||||||||
Luteinizing hormone(LH)
|
(S) Pre pubertal-, 2-12 m IU/ml
Adult men- 1-15 m IU/ml
Adult Women-< 30 m IU/ml
| ||||||||||||
Corticotropin (ACTH)
|
(P) 8.00-10.00 AM, up to 100pg/ml, (22pmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Prolactin
|
(S) 1-25ng/ml (0.4-10 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Somatomedin C
|
(P) 0.4-2U/ml
| ||||||||||||
Anti diuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
|
(P)Serum osmolality285 mosm/kg, 0-2 pg/ml; >290 mosm/kg. 2-12 + pg/ml
| ||||||||||||
Placenta
| |||||||||||||
Estriol(E3)
|
(S) Men and non pregnant women <0.2μg/dl (<7nmol/L) by RIA
| ||||||||||||
Chorionic Gonadotropin
|
(S) Beta subunit; Men-< 9 mIU/ mL
Pregnant Women->10 mIU/ mL
| ||||||||||||
Gonads
| |||||||||||||
Testosterone, free
|
(S) Men, 10-30 ng/dl; Women 0.3-2 ng/dl. (1ng/dl=0.035nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Testosterone, Total
|
(S) Pre pubertal , < 100 ng/dl ; Adult men, 300-1000 ng/dl; Adult women 20-80 ng/dl, luteal phase up to 120 ng/dl
| ||||||||||||
Estradiol(E2)
|
(S) Men- 12-34 pg/ml;
women, menstrual cycle 1-10 days 24-68 pg/ml
11-20 days, 50-300 pg/ml
21-30 days, 73-149 pg/ml by RIA, (Ipg/ml=3.6 pmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Progesterone
|
(S) Follicular phase, 0.2-1.5 ng/ml
luteal phase, 6-32 ng/ml;
Pregnancy,>24 ng/ml,
Men, < 1ng/ml= 3.2 nmol/L
| ||||||||||||
Thyroid
| |||||||||||||
Thyroxin, free T4 (FT4)
|
(S) 0.8-2.4ng/dl (10-30 p mol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Thyroxin, Total (TT4)
|
(S) 5-12 μg/dl(65-156nmol/L) by RIA
| ||||||||||||
Thyroxin binding globulin capacity
|
(S) 12-28 μg T4/dl (150-360 nmol T4/dl)
| ||||||||||||
Tri iodo thyronine (T3)
|
(S) 80-220 ng/dl (1.2-3.3 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Reverse Tri iodo thyronine (r T3)
|
(S) 30-80 ng/dl (0.45-1.2 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Tri iodo thyronine uptake(RT3U)
|
(S) 25-36% as TBG assessment(RT3U ratio) 0.85-1.15
| ||||||||||||
Calcitonin
|
(S)<100 pg/ml (< 29.2pmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Islets
| |||||||||||||
Insulin
|
(S) 4-25μU/mL(29-181pmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
C- peptide
|
(S) 0.9-4.2ng/mL
| ||||||||||||
Glucagon
|
(S), fasting) 20-100pg/mL
| ||||||||||||
Parathyroid
| |||||||||||||
Parathyroid hormone (intact)
|
(S)8–51 pg/mL.
| ||||||||||||
Stomach
| |||||||||||||
Gastrin
|
(S) up to 100 pg/ml (47 p mol/L).
Elevated, > 200 pg/ml
| ||||||||||||
Pepsinogen I
|
(S) 25-100 ng/ml
| ||||||||||||
Iron Studies | |||||||||||||
Ferritin
|
Adult Women- 20-120ng/ml
Men-30-300ng/ml
Child-15 years-7-140ng/ml
| ||||||||||||
Iron
|
(S) 50-175 μg/dl(9-31.3 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Iron Binding capacity
|
(S)Total- 250-410 μg/dl(44.7-73.4μmol/L)
% saturation- 20-55%
| ||||||||||||
Transferrin
|
(S) 200-400 mg/dl(23-45μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Haptoglobin
|
(S) 40-170mg of Hb binding capacity
| ||||||||||||
Blood Chemistry
| |||||||||||||
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) SGPT
|
0-45 IU/L at 37°C
| ||||||||||||
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) SGOT
|
0-41 IU/L at 37°C
| ||||||||||||
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
|
(S) Adults- 5-13 units(KA), 0.8-2.3(Bessey- Lowry):SMA 30-85 IU/L at 37°C: SMAC 30-115IU/L at 37°C
| ||||||||||||
Amylase
|
(S)- 80-180 units/dl (Somogyi)
| ||||||||||||
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
|
(S) <30 units/L at 30°C
| ||||||||||||
Lipase
|
(S) <150 units/L
| ||||||||||||
Acid phosphatase
|
(S)- 1-5 U(KA),0.1-0.63U(Bessey- Lowry)
| ||||||||||||
Total Creatine Kinase (Total CK)
|
(S)-10-50 IU/L at 30°C
| ||||||||||||
Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
|
0-3%
| ||||||||||||
Creatine Kinase-MM (CK-MM)
|
97-100%
| ||||||||||||
Creatine Kinase-BB (CK-BB)
|
0%
| ||||||||||||
Lactate dehydrogenase
|
(S)-55-140 IU/L at 30°C
| ||||||||||||
Aldolase
|
(S) 1.5-2.0 U/L
| ||||||||||||
Troponin
|
<0.4 ng/ml
| ||||||||||||
5′ Nucleotidase
|
0–11 U/L
| ||||||||||||
Anti-streptolysin O Titer (ASO)
|
| ||||||||||||
Glucose
|
(S or P) 65-110 mg/dl(3.6-6.1 mmol/l)
| ||||||||||||
Impaired glucose tolerance
|
111–125 mg/dL (6.2–6.9 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Diabetes mellitus
|
>125 mg/dL(>7.0 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Glucose, 2 h postprandial
|
70–120 mg/dL(3.9–6.7 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Fructosamine
|
<285 μ mol/L
| ||||||||||||
Hemoglobin Alc
|
4.0–6.0%
| ||||||||||||
Urea Nitrogen
|
(S or P) 8-25 mg/dl (2.9-8.9 mmol/)
| ||||||||||||
Creatinine
|
(S or P) 0.7-1.5 mg/dl (62-132μmol/)
| ||||||||||||
Uric acid
|
(S or P) Men-3-9 mg/dl(0.18-0.54 mmol/)
Women-2.5-7.5 mg/dl(0.15-0.45 mmol/)
| ||||||||||||
Bicarbonate
|
(S) 24-28 meq/L(24-28mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Potassium
|
(S or P) 3.5-5 meq/L (3.5-5 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Sodium
|
(S or P) 136-145 meq/L (136-145mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Chloride
|
(S or P) 96-106 meq/L( 96-106mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Magnesium
|
(S or P)1.8-3 mg/dl(0.75- 1.25mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Copper
|
(S or P) 100-200μg/dl(16-31 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Zinc
|
(S) 50-150 μg/dl (7.65-22.95 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Phosphorus, inorganic
|
(S –fasting) 3-4.5 mg/dl (1-1.5mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Calcium
|
(S) 8.5-10.3 mg/dl (2.1-2.6mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Calcium (ionized)
|
(S) 4.25-5.25 mg/dl; 2.1-2.6 meq/L (1.05-1.3 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Lead
|
(U)< 80 μg/24 hrs (< 0.4μmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Pyruvate
|
(B) 0.6-1 mg/dl (70-114 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Lactate
|
(B) Venous-, 4-16 mg/dl, (0.44-1.8mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Ketone (acetone)
|
(S)Negative
| ||||||||||||
Acetone and Acetoacetate
|
(S) 0.3-2 mg/dl (3-20 mg/L)
| ||||||||||||
β-Hydroxybutyrate
|
(S)0–3 mg/dL(0–290 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Serum Total Protein
|
(S) 6-8g/dl (60-80 g/L)
| ||||||||||||
Albumin
|
(S) 3.5 -5.5 g/dl (35-55 g/L)
| ||||||||||||
Prealbumin
|
170–340 mg/L
| ||||||||||||
Globulins
|
(S)2-3.6 g/dl ( 20-36 g/L)
| ||||||||||||
Fibrinogen
|
(P) 0.2-0.6 g/dl (2-6 g/L)
| ||||||||||||
Homocysteine
|
4.4–10.8 μmol/L
| ||||||||||||
α1 –Antitrypsin
|
(S)> 180 mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
C-reactive protein
|
0.2–3.0 mg/L
| ||||||||||||
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
|
0 – 4 ng/mL (likely higher with age)
| ||||||||||||
Ceruloplasmin
|
(S) 25-43mg/dl (1.7-2.9μ mol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Bilirubin
|
(S) Total, 0.2-1.2 mg/dl (3.5-20.5 μ mol/L)
Direct- (Conjugated), 0.1-0.4 mg/dl (<7 μ mol/L)
Indirect, 0.2-0.7 mg/dl (<12 μ mol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Urobilinogen
|
(U) 0-2.5mg/24 hrs (70-470 μ mol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Urobilinogen(Fecal)
|
40-280 mg/24 hrs (70-470 μ mol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Porphyrins
Delta Amino Levulinic acid (U)
Prophobilinogen (U)
|
1.5-7.5 mg/24 hrs (11-57 μ mol/d)
< 2 mg/24 hrs (<8.8 μ mol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Ammonia
|
(P) 10-80 μg/dl
| ||||||||||||
Osmolality
|
(S) 280-296mosm/kgwater (280-296 mmol/kg water)
| ||||||||||||
Specific Gravity
|
(B) 1.056(Varies with Hb and protein concentration)
(S) 1.0254- 1.0288(varies with protein concentration)
| ||||||||||||
Fecal Fat
|
<30% dry weight
| ||||||||||||
Lipid profile
| |||||||||||||
Cholesterol mg/dL (mmol/L)
|
(S or P) 150-250 mg/dl (3.9- 5.72 mmol/L)
<200 (<5.17)- desirable
200–239 (5.17–6.18) –borderline high
>240 (>6.21) - high
| ||||||||||||
Triglycerides
|
(S)< 165 mg/dl (1.9 mmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Lipid fractions
|
Desirable levels
| ||||||||||||
HDL Cholesterol mg/dL(mmol/L)
|
<40 (60 (>1.55)- high
| ||||||||||||
LDL Cholesterol mg/dL(mmol/L)
|
| ||||||||||||
VLDL Cholesterol
|
<40 mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
Free fatty acid
|
(P) 200-800μmol/L
| ||||||||||||
Lipoprotein (a)
|
0–30 mg/dL
| ||||||||||||
Vitamins
| |||||||||||||
Vitamin A
|
(S) 15-60 μg/dl (0.53-2.1 μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
β Carotene
|
(S) Fasting) 50-300 μg/dl
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin B12
|
(S)> 200 pg/ml (>148 pmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin D
|
(S) Cholecalciferol (D3); 25- hydroxy cholecalciferol, 8- 55 ng/ml (19.4-137 nmol/L);
1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol, 26-65 pg/ml (62-155pmol/L);24,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol,
1-5ng/ml (2.4-12 nmol/L).
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
|
(P) 0.4-1.5 mg/dl (23-85μmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Folic acid
|
(S) 14-34 nmol/L
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin E
|
(S) 5–18 μg/mL(12–42μ mol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin K
|
(S) 0.13–1.19 ng/mL(0.29–2.64 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Vitamin B6
|
(P) 5–30 ng/mL(20–121 nmol/L)
| ||||||||||||
Immunoglobulins
| |||||||||||||
Ig A
|
9.0-33 g/L
| ||||||||||||
Ig G
|
7.2-15.0 g/L
| ||||||||||||
Ig M
|
0.5-2.5 g/L
| ||||||||||||
Ig D
|
0-0.4 g/L
| ||||||||||||
Ig E
|
100-200 μg/L
| ||||||||||||
Renal function Tests
| |||||||||||||
p- Amino Hippurate(PAH) clearance (RPF)
|
Men, 560-830 ml/min,
| ||||||||||||
Creatinine Clearance, endogenous (GFR)
|
Men, 110-150 ml/min.
Women, 105-132 ml/min.
| ||||||||||||
Inulin clearance
|
Approximately same as creatinine( corrected to 1.73 m2 surface area
| ||||||||||||
Filtration fraction(FF)
|
Men-17-21%; women, 17-23 %(FF=GFR/RPF)
| ||||||||||||
Osmolality
|
(U)On normal diet and fluid intake: Range 500-850 mOsm/kg water. Achievable range, normal kidney: Dilution 40-80 mOsm; concentration(dehydration) up to 1400 mOsm/kg water(At least three to four times plasma osmolality)
| ||||||||||||
Specific gravity of urine
|
1.003-1.030
| ||||||||||||
Urinalysis
| |||||||||||||
Urine volume
|
0.4 -2.0 L/day.
| ||||||||||||
Urine pH
|
5-7
| ||||||||||||
Acidity, titratable
|
20–40 meq/d(20–40 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Ammonia
|
| ||||||||||||
Specific Gravity
|
1.002-1.030
| ||||||||||||
Urine Ketone
|
Negative
| ||||||||||||
Urine blood
|
Negative
| ||||||||||||
Urine Proteins
|
Negative
| ||||||||||||
Urine Nitrites
|
Negative, Traces
| ||||||||||||
Urine Bilirubin
|
Negative
| ||||||||||||
Urobilinogen
|
0-2.5mg/24 hrs
| ||||||||||||
Urine Micro
| |||||||||||||
Urine Glucose
|
< 250mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
Urine Creatinine
|
Men-1.0-2.0 g/d
Women-0.8-1.8 g/d
| ||||||||||||
Urea nitrogen
|
6–17 g/d(214–607 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Uric acid (normal diet)
|
250–800 mg/d(214–607 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Sodium (varies with intake)
|
100–260 meq/d(100–260 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Potassium (varies with intake)
|
25–100 meq/d(25–100 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Phosphate (phosphorus) (varies with intake)
|
400–1300 mg/d(12.9–42.0 mmol/d)
| ||||||||||||
Micro albumin
| |||||||||||||
Normal
|
0–30 mg/d(0.0–0.03 g/d)
| ||||||||||||
Microalbuminuria
|
30–300 mg/d(0.03–0.30 g/d)
| ||||||||||||
Clinical albuminuria
|
>300 mg/d(>0.3 g/d)
| ||||||||||||
Micro albumin/creatinine ratio
| |||||||||||||
Normal
|
0–30 μg/mg creatinine(0–3.4 g/mol creatinine)
| ||||||||||||
Microalbuminuria
|
30–300 μg/mg creatinine(3.4–34 g/mol creatinine)
| ||||||||||||
Clinical albuminuria
|
>300μg/mg creatinine(>34 g/mol creatinine)
| ||||||||||||
Cerebral Spinal Fluid | |||||||||||||
Pressure |
60-150 mm Hg
| ||||||||||||
Specific gravity |
1.006 to 1.007
| ||||||||||||
p H |
7.3
| ||||||||||||
CSF glucose
|
45-100 mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
CSF Proteins
|
10-45 mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
CSF Chlorides
|
700-760 mg/dl (120-130 meq/L) as NaCl
| ||||||||||||
CSF urea
|
20-40 mg/dl
| ||||||||||||
CSF Calcium
|
5.5-6 mg /dl
| ||||||||||||
CSF cells
|
0-4 mononuclear per C.mm
|
TERMINOLOGY:
UNITS:
Gram:common measurement of weight. Used in this table: pg (picograms), g (grams), mg(milligrams), etc. per liter
micrometer (µm) : a unit of length. Mean Corpuscular Volume is expressedin cubic micrometers
mole: also “gram molecular weight,” a quantity based on the atomicweight of the substance. Many test results in the System Internationale areexpressed as the number of moles per liter. In US units, these measurements areusually in grams per liter. Used in this table: mmol (millimoles), µmol,(micromoles), nmol (nanomoles), pmol (picomoles) per liter
micrometer (µm) : a unit of length. Mean Corpuscular Volume is expressedin cubic micrometers
mole: also “gram molecular weight,” a quantity based on the atomicweight of the substance. Many test results in the System Internationale areexpressed as the number of moles per liter. In US units, these measurements areusually in grams per liter. Used in this table: mmol (millimoles), µmol,(micromoles), nmol (nanomoles), pmol (picomoles) per liter
Some units of measurement include the following fractions and multipliers:
mega (M) : 10 6 or x1,000,000
kilo (k) : 10 3 or x1,000
deca or deka : 10 1 or x10
deci (d) : 10 -1 or ÷10
milli (m) : 10 -3 or ÷1,000
micro (µ) : 10 -6 or ÷1,000,000
nano (n) : 10 -9 or ÷1,000,000,000
pico (p) : 10 -12or ÷1,000,000,000,000
mega (M) : 10 6 or x1,000,000
kilo (k) : 10 3 or x1,000
deca or deka : 10 1 or x10
deci (d) : 10 -1 or ÷10
milli (m) : 10 -3 or ÷1,000
micro (µ) : 10 -6 or ÷1,000,000
nano (n) : 10 -9 or ÷1,000,000,000
pico (p) : 10 -12or ÷1,000,000,000,000
------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------
