Monday, August 20, 2012

Attallah AM in PubMed



PubMed Results
Items 1 - 91 of 91

1.Efficacy of passive immunization with IgY antibodies to a 58-kDa H. pylori antigen on severe gastritis in BALB/c mouse model.
Attallah AM, Abbas AT, Ismail H, Abdel-Raouf M, El-Dosoky I.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2009;30(4):359-77.
PMID: 19739011 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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2.AgNORs count and DNA ploidy in liver biopsies from patients with schistosomal liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Attallah AM, Tabll AA, El-Nashar E, El-Bakry KA, El-Sadany M, Ibrahim T, El-Dosoky I.
Clin Biochem. 2009 Nov;42(16-17):1616-20. Epub 2009 Aug 12.
PMID: 19682447 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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3.Expression of p53 protein in liver and sera of patients with liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic HCV infection.
Attallah AM, Shiha GE, Ismail H, Mansy SE, El-Sherbiny R, El-Dosoky I.
Clin Biochem. 2009 Apr;42(6):455-61. Epub 2008 Nov 27.
PMID: 19063876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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4.Outcomes of Schistosoma mansoni infection in outbred albino mice exposed to Larvin contaminant.
Attallah AM, Wahba MA, Elsheikha HM, Abbas AT, Abdel Aziz MM, El-Hemaly MA.
Parasitol Res. 2008 Aug;103(3):567-76. Epub 2008 May 31.
PMID: 18512077 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5.Immunochemical identification and partial characterization of a native hepatitis C viral non-structural 4 antigen in sera of HCV infected patients.
Attallah AM, Ismail H, Shiha GE, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sherbiny RE, El-Dosoky I.
Clin Chim Acta. 2008 Feb;388(1-2):115-22. Epub 2007 Oct 26.
PMID: 18021744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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6.Immunochemical identification and detection of serum fibronectin in liver fibrosis patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Attallah AM, Zahran F, Ismail H, Omran MM, El-Dosoky I, Shiha GE.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2007;28(4):331-42.
PMID: 17885887 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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7.Evaluation of serum procollagen aminoterminal propeptide III, laminin, and hydroxyproline as predictors of severe fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Attallah AM, Toson EA, Shiha GE, Omran MM, Abdel-Aziz MM, El-Dosoky I.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2007;28(3):199-211.
PMID: 17613667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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8.Immunodetection of collagen types I, II, III, and IV for differentiation of liver fibrosis stages in patients with chronic HCV.
Attallah AM, Mosa TE, Omran MM, Abo-Zeid MM, El-Dosoky I, Shaker YM.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2007;28(2):155-68.
PMID: 17424834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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9.Detection of a Helicobacter pylori antigen in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis.
Attallah AM, Toson EA, Ibrahim GG, Bakr NE.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2007;28(1):25-33.
PMID: 17236394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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10.Schistosoma mansoni major egg antigen Smp40: molecular modeling and potential immunoreactivity for anti-pathology vaccine development.
Abouel-Nour MF, Lotfy M, Attallah AM, Doughty BL.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Jun;101(4):365-72.
PMID: 16951805 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
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11.Rapid diagnosis and follow up of bladder cancer patients using urinary high molecular weight cytokeratins.
Attallah AM, Sakr HA, Ismail H, Ismail MF, Ibrahim AS, El-Sharabasy MM, El-Dosoky I.
World J Urol. 2006 Aug;24(3):345-52. Epub 2006 May 17.
PMID: 16705457 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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12.Discriminant function based on hyaluronic acid and its degrading enzymes and degradation products for differentiating cirrhotic from non-cirrhotic liver diseased patients in chronic HCV infection.
Attallah AM, Toson el-SA, El-Waseef AM, Abo-Seif MA, Omran MM, Shiha GE.
Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Jul 15;369(1):66-72. Epub 2006 Mar 20.
PMID: 16545356 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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13.Susceptibility of neonate mice born to Schistosoma mansoni-infected and noninfected mothers to subsequent S. mansoni infection.
Attallah AM, Abbas AT, Dessouky MI, El-emshaty HM, Elsheikha HM.
Parasitol Res. 2006 Jul;99(2):137-45. Epub 2006 Mar 7.
PMID: 16521039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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14.A discriminant score based on four routine laboratory blood tests for accurate diagnosis of severe fibrosis and/or liver cirrhosis in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Attallah AM, Shiha GE, Omran MM, Zalata KR.
Hepatol Res. 2006 Mar;34(3):163-9. Epub 2006 Feb 14.
PMID: 16478676 [PubMed - in process]
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15.Immunochemical identification and detection of a 36-kDa Toxoplasma gondii circulating antigen in sera of infected women for laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
Attallah AM, Ismail H, Ibrahim AS, Al-Zawawy LA, El-Ebiary MT, El-Waseef AM.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2006;27(1):45-60.
PMID: 16450868 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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16.An office-based immunodiagnostic assay for detecting urinary nuclear matrix protein 52 in patients with bladder cancer.
Attallah AM, Sakr HA, Ismail H, Abdel-Hady el-SK, El-Dosoky I.
BJU Int. 2005 Aug;96(3):334-9.
PMID: 16042726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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17.Application of a circulating antigen detection immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Attallah AM, Osman S, Saad A, Omran M, Ismail H, Ibrahim G, Abo-Naglla A.
Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Jun;356(1-2):58-66. Epub 2005 Mar 29.
PMID: 15936303 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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18.Immunodetection of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and Thl/Th2 cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients.
Attallah AM, Ibrahim GG.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2004;25(4):313-20.
PMID: 15552586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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19.Vaccination of mice with a 30 kDa Schistosoma antigen with and without human adjuvant induces high protection against S. mansoni infection.
Attallah AM, Abdel Aziz MM, Abbas AT, Elbakry KA, El-Sharabasy MM.
J Helminthol. 2004 Sep;78(3):189-94.
PMID: 15469619 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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20.Identification of a specific marker for hepatitis C virus infection using capillary zone electrophoresis.
Attallah AM, Abdel Malak CA, Elghawalby NA, Shehatta AS, Abdel-Raouf M, Shiha GE.
Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Aug 16;346(2):171-9.
PMID: 15256318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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21.Use of a novel enzyme immunoassay based on detection of circulating antigen in serum for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Attallah AM, Ismail H, Ibrahim GG, Abdel-Raouf M, El-Waseef AM, Abdel-Wahab M.
Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 Jul;11(4):775-9.
PMID: 15242956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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22.Immunoreactivity evaluation of mutant p53 gene product with DNA ploidy pattern in colorectal carcinoma.
Nasif WA, El-Emshaty HM, Tabll A, Elmasry SA, Attallah AM, Gad Elhak NA.
Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 Jul-Aug;51(58):1001-6.
PMID: 15239234 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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23.DNA ploidy and liver cell dysplasia in liver biopsies from patients with liver cirrhosis.
El-Sayed SS, El-Sadany M, Tabll AA, Soltan A, El-Dosoky I, Attallah AM.
Can J Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb;18(2):87-91.
PMID: 14997216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
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24.A novel antigen detection immunoassay for field diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection.
Attallah AM, Ismail H, Tabll AA, Shiha GE, El-Dosoky I.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2003;24(4):395-407.
PMID: 14677657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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25.Dysregulation of blood lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells in schistosomal liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Attallah AM, Tabll AA, El-Sadany M, Ibrahim TA, El-Dosoky I.
Clin Exp Med. 2003 Nov;3(3):181-5.
PMID: 14648234 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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26.Placental and oral delivery of Schistosoma mansoni antigen from infected mothers to their newborns and children.
Attallah AM, Ghanem GE, Ismail H, El Waseef AM.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Jun;68(6):647-51.
PMID: 12887021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
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27.Rapid and simple detection of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating antigen in serum using dot-ELISA for field diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Attallah AM, Abdel Malak CA, Ismail H, El-Saggan AH, Omran MM, Tabll AA.
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2003;24(1):73-87.
PMID: 12680608 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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28.Detection of serum p53 protein in patients with different gastrointestinal cancers.
Attallah AM, Abdel-Aziz MM, El-Sayed AM, Tabll AA.
Cancer Detect Prev. 2003;27(2):127-31.
PMID: 12670524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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29.Identification and characterization of a 26- to 28-kDa circulating antigen of Fasciola gigantica.
Attallah AM, Karawia EA, Ismail H, Tabll AA, Nawar AA, Ragab WA, Abdel Aziz MM, El-Dosoky I.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 Apr;96(3):271-82.
PMID: 12061974 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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30.Immunochemical characterization and diagnostic potential of a 63-kilodalton Schistosoma antigen.
Attallah AM, Yones E, Ismail H, El Masry SA, Tabll A, Elenein AA, El Ghawalby NA.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Mar;60(3):493-7.
PMID: 10466983 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article
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31.Vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using 74 kDa Schistosoma protein antigen.
Attallah AM, Attia H, Ismail H, Yones E, El-Nashar EM, Abd El-Kader K, Tabll A, Saad A, Sultan A.
Vaccine. 1999 Jul 16;17(22):2786-91.
PMID: 10438048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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32.DNA ploidy of liver biopsies from patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a flow cytometric analysis.
Attallah AM, Tabll AA, Salem SF, El-Sadany M, Ibrahim TA, Osman S, El-Dosoky IM.
Cancer Lett. 1999 Jul 19;142(1):65-9.
PMID: 10424782 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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33.Induction of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni infection by passive transfer of an IgG2a monoclonal antibody.
Attallah AM, Attia H, El-Nashar EM, Nawar A, Abdel Kader K, Ismail H, El Ebeidy G.
Vaccine. 1999 May 4;17(18):2306-10.
PMID: 10403599 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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34.Rapid detection of a Schistosoma mansoni circulating antigen excreted in urine of infected individuals by using a monoclonal antibody.
Attallah AM, Ismail H, El Masry SA, Rizk H, Handousa A, El Bendary M, Tabll A, Ezzat F.
J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Feb;37(2):354-7.
PMID: 9889217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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35.High prevalence of hepatitis B viral DNA in cirrhotic patients without surface antigen.
Attallah AM, Hussein M, Tabll A, el-Dosoki E, el-Sadany M, el-Ghawalby N.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Sep-Oct;92(5):516-7.
PMID: 9861366 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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36.Immunochemical purification and characterization of a 74.0-kDa Schistosoma mansoni antigen.
Attallah AM, El Masry SA, Ismail H, Attia H, Abdel Aziz M, Shehatta AS, Tabll A, Soltan A, El Wassif A.
J Parasitol. 1998 Apr;84(2):301-6.
PMID: 9576502 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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37.Detection of p53 protein overexpression and DNA ploidy analysis in colon cancer.
Attallah AM, Elhak NG, Nasif WA, Tabll A, Ezzat F.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1997 Nov-Dec;44(18):1595-601.
PMID: 9427029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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38.Cellular proliferation and ploidy of the gastric mucosa: the role of Helicobacter pylori.
Abdel-Wahab M, Attallah AM, Elshal MF, Abdel-Raouf M, Zalata KR, el-Ghawalby N, Ezzat F.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1997 May-Jun;44(15):880-5.
PMID: 9222708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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39.Fast-Dot ELISA using urine, a rapid and dependable field assay for diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
Attallah AM, el-Masry SA, Rizk H, Ismail H, el-Bendary M, Handoussa AE, el Shazly AM, Arafa MA.
J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1997 Apr;27(1):279-89.
PMID: 9097549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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40.Correlation between endoscopy, histopathology, and DNA flow cytometry in patients with gastric dyspepsia.
Abdel-Wahab M, Attallah AM, Elshal MF, Eldousoky I, Zalata KR, el-Ghawalby NA, Gad el-Hak N, el-Ebidy G, Ezzat F.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Sep-Oct;43(11):1313-20.
PMID: 8908567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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41.Apoptosis in chronic gastritis: evaluation of the gastric mucosa by DNA flow cytometry and the expression of the high molecular weight cytokeratin.
Attallah AM, Abdel-Wahab M, Elshal MF, Zalata KR, Ibrahim NM, Ezzat F.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Sep-Oct;43(11):1305-12.
PMID: 8908566 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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42.Comparative study between cytology and dot-ELISA for early detection of bladder cancer.
Attallah AM, el-Didi M, Seif F, el-Mohamady H, Dalbagni G.
Am J Clin Pathol. 1996 Jan;105(1):109-14.
PMID: 8561075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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43.A dipstick, dot-ELISA assay for the rapid and early detection of bladder cancer.
Attallah AM, Helmi H, el-Helali E, el-Mohamadi H.
Cancer Detect Prev. 1991;15(6):495-9.
PMID: 1723657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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44.UNME/K1: an IgG2a monoclonal antibody specific to cytokeratin of human urinary bladder squamous cell carcinoma.
el-Mohamady H, Basta MT, Seddek MN, Helmy H, al-Hilaly E, Attallah AM, Ghoneim MA.
Urol Res. 1991;19(2):145-50.
PMID: 1712997 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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45.Antibiotics and immunity: effects of antibiotics on mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes and interleukin-2 production.
Ibrahim MS, Maged ZA, Haron A, Khalil RY, Attallah AM.
Chemioterapia. 1988 Dec;7(6):369-72.
PMID: 3265360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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46.Cytokeratin shedding in urine: a biological marker for bladder cancer?
Basta MT, Attallah AM, Seddek MN, el-Mohamady H, Al-Hilaly ES, Atwaan N, Ghoneim M.
Br J Urol. 1988 Feb;61(2):116-21.
PMID: 2450613 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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47.Antibiotics and immunity: effects of antibiotics on natural killer, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody production.
Ibrahim MS, Maged ZA, Haron A, Khalil RY, Attallah AM.
Chemioterapia. 1987 Dec;6(6):426-30.
PMID: 3435924 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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48.Immunological activities of recombinant interferon-alpha 2 and its A fragment.
Attallah AM, Fleisher TA, Hu R, Abdel-Gaffar H, Ibrahim S, Metwali A, Zoon K.
J Interferon Res. 1987 Apr;7(2):223-9.
PMID: 3611842 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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49.Interferon-enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and prediction of rejection in renal allograft recipients.
Attallah AM, Abdelghaffar H, Fawzy A, Alghraoui F, Alijani MR, Mahmoud LA, Ghoneim LA, Helfrich GB.
Transplant Proc. 1987 Feb;19(1 Pt 2):1589-91. No abstract available.
PMID: 2435032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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50.In vitro effect of alpha-interferon on mononuclear cells of normal and autoimmune patients.
Attallah AM, Steinberg AD, Clark HW, Brown TM, Metwali A, Fleisher TA.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;83(1):77-82.
PMID: 3494687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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51.Immunological monitoring and early prediction of rejection in renal allograft recipients.
Attallah AM, Abdelghaffar H, Alghraoui F, Fawzy A, Alijani MR, Mahmoud LA, Ghoneim MA, Helfrich GB.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;84(1):10-7.
PMID: 3305373 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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52.Parasitic modulation of host immune mechanisms in schistosomiasis.
Attallah AM, Abdul-Aal GM, Urritia-Shaw A, Murrell KD, Fleisher TA, Vannier WE.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;84(1):1-9.
PMID: 3114152 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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53.Cell-mediated immunity and biological response modifiers in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus complicated by end-stage renal disease.
Attallah AM, Abdelghaffar H, Fawzy A, Alghraoui F, Alijani MR, Mahmoud LA, Ghoneim MA, Helfrich GB.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;83(3):278-83.
PMID: 3110074 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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54.Immunopathology of experimental Schistosoma mansoni: immunohistochemical localization of parasite antigens in the host tissue.
Abdul-Aal GM, Attallah AM.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;82(1):89-94.
PMID: 3100452 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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55.Early immunological prediction of renal allograft rejection.
Attallah AM, Abdelghaffar H, Fawzy A, Alghraoui F, Alijani MR, Mahmoud LA, Ghoneim MA, Helfrich GB.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987;83(1):83-7.
PMID: 2437058 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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56.Immune abnormalities in the diabetic New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse: insulin treatment partially suppresses splenic hyperactivity measured by flow cytometric analysis.
Melez KA, Attallah AM, Harrison ET, Raveche ES.
Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1985 Jul;36(1):110-9.
PMID: 3891173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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57.Production and partial characterization of interleukin 2 induced by periodic acid oxidation of lymphocyte membranes.
Hornicek FJ, Malinin GI, Garcia JV, Attallah AM.
Cell Immunol. 1984 Oct 15;88(2):260-72.
PMID: 6091921 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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58.Interleukin 2 production induced by chemically defined cell membrane modification.
Attallah AM, Hornicek FJ, Muller J, Noguchi P, Malinin G.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1984;75(2):102-6.
PMID: 6088398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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59.Tunicamycin treatment inhibits the antiviral activity of interferon in mice.
Maheshwari RK, Husain MM, Attallah AM, Friedman RM.
Infect Immun. 1983 Jul;41(1):61-6.
PMID: 6190759 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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60.Determination of surface antigens using the Coulter counter: a simple highly sensitive method.
Attallah AM, Yeatman TJ.
Diagn Immunol. 1983;1(1):39-42.
PMID: 6594208 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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61.Interferon-mediated inhibition of human polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis.
Fleisher TA, Attallah AM, Tosato G, Blaese RM, Greene WC.
J Immunol. 1982 Sep;129(3):1099-103.
PMID: 6179992 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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62.Biological response modifiers and their promise in clinical medicine.
Attallah AM, Yeatman TJ, Johnson RP, Petricciani JC.
Pharmacol Ther. 1982;19(3):435-54. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 6201933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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63.Multiple biological activities of homogeneous human alpha interferon.
Attallah AM, Zoon K, Folks T, Huntington J, Yeatman TJ.
Infect Immun. 1981 Dec;34(3):1068-70.
PMID: 6174447 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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64.ADCC analysis with the Coulter counter: a highly sensitive, ultramicro assay suitable for clinical and experimental application.
Attallah AM, Yeatman TJ.
J Immunol Methods. 1981;43(2):121-9.
PMID: 7021689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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65.A simple highly sensitive methods for the determination of cell viability using an electronic particle analyzer, Coulter counter.
Attallah AM, Johnson RP.
J Immunol Methods. 1981;41(2):155-62.
PMID: 7021684 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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66.Flow cytometric analysis of normal and neoplastic human hematopoietic surface antigens.
Attallah AM, Strong DM, Slease RB, Noguchi PD.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1981;64(2):121-7.
PMID: 7007254 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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67.Effect of the new immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin-A, on natural killer cell and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.
Attallah AM, Urritia-Shaw A, Yeatman TJ, Folks T.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1981;65(4):465-9.
PMID: 6972921 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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68.Interferon immunoregulation of antibody response in normal and autoimmune mice is mediated by suppressor T cell subsets.
Attallah AM, Urritia-Shaw A, Khalit RY, Steinberg AD, Ahmed A.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1981;64(3):353-8.
PMID: 6163737 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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69.Proliferative and functional aspects of interferon-treated human normal and neoplastic T and B cells.
Attallah AM, Fleisher T, Khalil R, Noguchi PD, Urritia-Shaw A.
Br J Cancer. 1980 Sep;42(3):423-9.
PMID: 6158973 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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70.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: detection by automated flow cytometry with ultramicro techniques.
Attallah AM, Yeatman TJ, Noguchi PD, Johnson JB.
Science. 1980 Jul 18;209(4454):404-6.
PMID: 7384812 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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71.Dissimilar modes of expression of beta- and gamma-actin in normal and leukemic human T lymphocytes.
Leavitt J, Leavitt A, Attallah AM.
J Biol Chem. 1980 Jun 10;255(11):4984-7.
PMID: 6966280 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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72.Detection of human ADCC activity using automated flow cytometry.
Attallah AM, Naguchi PD, Folks T, Noguchi CT.
Experientia. 1980 Jan 15;36(1):124-5.
PMID: 6987071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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73.Natural killer cells (NK) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) components of Schistosoma mansoni infection.
Attallah AM, Lewis FA, Urritia-Shaw A, Folks T, Yeatman TJ.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1980;63(3):351-4.
PMID: 7419296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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74.Detection of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by automated flow cytometry. Comparison to a chromium release assay and characterization of the effector cell subpopulation.
Attallah AM, Folks T, Noguchi PD, Noguchi T.
J Immunol Methods. 1980;36(3-4):325-33.
PMID: 7000911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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75.Differential effect of human interferon on normal and neoplastic T- and B-cell lymphocytes.
Attallah AM, Fleischer T, Neefe JR, Kazakis A, Yeatman TJ.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;350:245-53.
PMID: 6165279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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76.Suppressive effect of human interferon on memory cells primed to different HLA-D specificities.
Attallah AM, Hartzman RJ.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1980;63(3):317-21.
PMID: 6158487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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77.Enhancement of carcinoembryonic antigen expression by interferon.
Attallah AM, Needy CF, Noguchi PD, Elisberg BL.
Int J Cancer. 1979 Jul 15;24(1):49-52.
PMID: 478691 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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78.Characterization of the immunosuppressive state during Schistosoma mansoni infection.
Attallah AM, Smith AH, Murrell KD, Fleischer T, Woody J, Vannier WE, Scher I, Ahmed A, Sell KW.
J Immunol. 1979 Apr;122(4):1413-20.
PMID: 312841 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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79.Interferon enhanced human natural killer and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.
Attallah AM, Folks T.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(4):377-82.
PMID: 574126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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80.Cytochemical and ultrastructural alteration of leukemic cells by a naturally cytotoxic factor from spleen.
Attallah AM, Johnson JB, Malinin GI, Houck JC, Petricciani JC.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(4):371-6.
PMID: 500229 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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81.Kinetics and cell killing in dividing and nondividing leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo by natural splenic cytotoxic factor.
Attallah AM, Malinin GI, Houck JC, Johnson JB, Petricciani JC.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(4):361-70.
PMID: 500228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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82.Differential effects of interferon on the MHC expression of human lymphocytes. Enhanced expression of HLA without effect on Ia.
Attallah AM, Strong DM.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(1):101-5.
PMID: 457294 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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83.Humoral immunity assay in vitro detailed description.
Khalil RY, Attallah AM.
J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1979;54(5-6):359-69. No abstract available.
PMID: 399781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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84.In vivo induction of carrier-specific cyclophosphamide-sensitive suppressor cells for cell-mediated immunity in mice.
Attallah AM, Ahmed A, Sell KW.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(2):178-85. No abstract available.
PMID: 313910 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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85.Is DNA synthesis a requisite for the differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells?
Attallah AM, Yeatman TJ, Noguchi PD, Petricciani JC.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(2):132-9.
PMID: 313908 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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86.Loss of lymphocyte chalone activity in mice with autoimmune disease.
Attallah AM, Steinberg AD, Ahmed A, Sell KW.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;59(2):186-91.
PMID: 156161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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87.Tentative mechanism of lymphocyte chalone action.
Attallah AM, Houck JC.
Exp Cell Res. 1977 Mar 1;105(1):137-41. No abstract available.
PMID: 190025 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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88.Cytotoxic effects on splenic ultrafiltrates upon leukaemic lymphocytes.
Attallah AM, Houck JC.
Br J Cancer. 1975 Dec;32(6):693-9.
PMID: 1062220 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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89.Lymphocyte chalone concentrates and their effects upon leukemic cells in vitro.
Attallah AM, Houck JC.
Boll Ist Sieroter Milan. 1975 Jul 31;54(3):227-34.
PMID: 130145 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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90.The specific and endogenous mitotic inhibitor of lymphocytes (chalone).
Attallah AM, Sunshine GH, Hunt CV, Houck JC.
Exp Cell Res. 1975 Jul;93(2):283-92. No abstract available.
PMID: 125653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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91.Letter: Immunosuppressive properties of the lymphocyte chalone.
Houck JC, Attallah AM, Lilly JR.
Nature. 1973 Sep 21;245(5421):148-50. No abstract available.
PMID: 4270300 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ehab fathy aboueladab

diploma biochemistry-2



Manual of basic techniques for a health.pdf
BaslabClinBact.pdf
6-Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
GlycogenMetabolism
parasites

   
PentosePhosphate
urea cycle

11-lipidmetabolism.pdf
12-aminoacidmetab
Total metabolism-carbohydrate-lipid-aminoacid.pdf
Tumor marker.pdf



Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ehab fathy aboueladab

Carbohydrate Metabolism



Metabolism is the sequence of reactions proceeding inside our body involving synthesis (anabolism), breakdown (catabolism) and conversion of various compounds.
Anabolism: it is the synthesis of various compounds.
Catabolism it is the breakdown of various compounds.


Digestion of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates in diet include:
1.             Monosaccharides: Need no digestion
  1. Glucose = Grape sugar (present in grapes).
  2. Fructose = Fruit sugar (present in fruits and honey).
2.             Disaccharides:
  1. Lactose = Milk sugar
  2. Maltose = Malt sugar (present in cereals).
  3. Sucrose = cane sugar and molasses (العسل الأسود)
3.             Polysaccharides:
a-    Starch = Plant polysaccharide. Formed from amylose (unbranched chains, a1-4 glucosidic linkages) and amylopectin (highly branched chains, a1-4 and a1-6 glucosidic linkages at the branch points)
b-    Glycogen = Animal starch. Formed from highly branched chains, similar to amylopectin of starch.
c-    Cellulose = Structural polysaccharides in plants formed from unbranched chains of b-glucose molecules that are attached together by b-1,4 glucosidic bonds. This type of bonds can not be digested by the human being due to absence of b 1-4 glucosidase (NO b- AMYLASE). Undigested cellulose (dietary fibers) increases intestinal bulk and prevents constipation.
Carbohydrate digestion:
In the mouth:
¨          By Salivary amylase = a-amylase.
In the stomach: Salivary amylase is inhibited by the low pH in the stomach caused by HCl (pH = 1-2)
In the intestine: Major digestion of carbohydrate occurs in the small intestine by the following enzymes:
1.     Intralumenal digestion by Pancreatica amylase
2.     Hydrolysis on the surface of the brush border of small intestine:
    1. Maltase (glucoamylase, exo 1,4 a D glucosidase): it catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose.
    2. Sucrase: it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 1,2 linkage of sucrose.
    3. Lactase: it hydrolyzes the b 1,4 galactosidic linkage of lactose.
N.B. The end products of carbohydrate digestion include: D-Glucose, D-fructose, and D-galactose.
Disorders of Carbohydrate Digestion
1- Lactose intolerance (lactase deficiency):
A clinical disorder results from lactase deficiency.
Causes:
  1. Primary lactase deficiency: Due to genetic defect leading to low levels of enzyme.
  2. Secondary lactase deficiency due to injury to the intestinal mucosa by inflammation (gastroenteritis) or by surgical removal.
Clinical picture:
¨          Abdominal colicمغـــص, flatulence, and distensionاتنفـــــاخ that result from fermentation of lactose by intestinal bacteria with the release of gases such as CO2 and H2.
¨          Diarrhea اسهـــال due to accumulation of lactose and the products of bacterial fermentation, which are osmotically active compounds. These compounds cause withdrawal of water resulting in diarrhea.
Management:
¨   Treatment of the cause if present e.g. treatment of gastroenteritis.
¨   Lactose free milk (milk that does not contain lactose).
¨   Yougort can replace milk as it has low contents of lactose.
Fate of Absorbed Monosaccharides:
¨          Fructose and galactose are transported by portal blood to the liver, where they are converted to glucose.
¨          Absorbed glucose is transported to the liver by portal blood, then by systemic circulation to the different tissues.
¨          In the hepatic cellsglucose is phosphorylated by glucokinase enzyme to give glucose-6-phosphate. Such phosphorylation has two functions:
1.                Activation of glucose to be utilized by different pathways.
2.                Trapping of glucose in the cells.
¨   Some glucose will escape from glucokinase effect and enter the systemic circulation to be utilized by extrahepatic tissues (all other body tissues).


Glycolysis
Definition and site:
§ Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway for breakdown of glucose.
§ In glycolysis glucose (6C) is cleave to give 2 molecules of pyruvic acid or lactic acid (3C).
§ It occurs in all tissues under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
§ All enzymes of glycolysis are present in the cytosol.
Steps: Ten enzymatic reactions to end by pyruvate.

The End Products of Glycolysis
The end products of glycolysis are:
a.    2 ATP.
b.    2 Pyruvate.
c.    2 NADH + H+.
The fate of pyruvate and NADH will differ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis under aerobic conditions
a.        Pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is oxidatively decarboxylated to active acetate (acetyl CoA). Active acetate is then can enter in TCA cycle or give rise to other compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol, etc. 
b.        Each NADH is oxidized in the respiratory chain and generates about 3 ATP               
 Under anaerobic conditions:
NADH + H+ is utilized to reduce pyruvate to lactate in order to regenerate the oxidized coenzyme (NAD). Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is the enzyme catalyzing the reaction.
                                                       LDH
                          Pyruvate                                                           Lactate
                                              NADH+H+             NAD

Lactate is always the end product of glycolysis in:
·         Red blood cells because they lack mitochondria.
·         Vigorously Exercising muscles because of the hypoxia.
·         Glycolysis in tumor cells because:
1.    Hypoxia due to short blood supply.
2.    Small number of mitochondria.
3.    Over production of glycolytic enzymes.
4.    Production of an isoenzyme of hexokinase, which is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate.
Energy Produced in Glycolysis
1- Anaerobic Glycolysis:
·         Two molecules of ATP are gained for each molecule of glucose converted to lactate.
·         Two molecules of lactate are produced for each glucose molecule metabolized.
ATP Gained
ATP Lost
     2 ATP at reaction 7                            
One ATP at reaction 1
     2 ATP at reaction 10                          
One ATP at reaction 3
     4 ATP   are gained                                
2 ATP are lost.
Thus, the net gain in anerobic glycolysis is 2 ATP.
2.     Aerobic Glycolysis:
Net gain of ATP = 6 to 8 ATP molecules for every molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate.
             ATP Gain                                                        
ATP Lost
2 NADH + H+ are gained in reaction 6.
When reoxidized in the ETC:
2 X 3 ATP = 6 ATP
or 2X2 ATP = 4 ATP depending on the shuttle used.
One ATP at reaction 1
One ATP at reaction 3
2 ATP at reaction 7                                            
2 ATP at reaction 10.

Total gain under aerobic conditions = 8 to 10 ATP.
Total ATP lost 2 ATP
Net ATP gained under aerobic conditions = 6 to 8 ATP
Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis

Aerobic
Anaerobic
End product
Pyruvate
Lactate
Energy
6 to 8 ATP
Only 2 ATP
Oxidation of NADH+H+
Respiratory chain in mitochondria
Lactate formation
Importance of Glycolysis
1-     An important source of energy  under anaerobic conditions especially for:
·         RBCs due to lack of mitochondria.
·         Cornea, lens, regions of retina, leucocytes, testis, and renal medulla with non functioning mitochondria due to decreased blood supply.
·         Muscles during strenuous exercise due to hypoxia.
2-     Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is a preparatory pathway for complete oxidation of glucose through Krebs cycle and ETC. It is essential to provide energy required by vital organs e.g. heart and brain.
3-     It is the main pathway for metabolism of dietary fructose, and galactose.
4-     Synthetic functions:
·         Synthesis of serine from 3- phosphoglycerate.
·         Synthesis of glycerol 3-phosphate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Glycerol 3 phosphate enters in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.
DHAP                                     Glycerol 3-Phosphate
Pyruvate                                 Active Acetate      FA                        Triacylglycerols
5Glycolysis is important during birth. During delivery, the blood supply to most tissues decrease except the brain. During this period, tissues will depend upon glycolysis for supply of energy until circulation returns to normal.
5-     Essential part for gluconeogenesis (reversal of glycolysis). See later.
6-     Important for production of 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) in RBCs.

Glycolysis in Red Blood Cells
I- Energy Production in RBCs:
q  Mature RBCs have no mitochondria, thus they have no TCA cycle and no respiratory chain.
q  Largely dependent on glycolysis for production of energy.
q  Glycolysis in RBCs always terminates with lactic acid.
q  The net ATP gained in RBCs is 2 ATP.
q  Reduced NADH+H+ is oxidized to NAD by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme.

                   O                                                                                   OH
           CH3-C- COOH                                       LDH              CH3- CH-COOH
            Pyruvate                                                                             Lactate
                                              NADH+H+             NAD
Lactate produced by RBCs and other anaerobic tissues is released to the circulation to be taken by either the liver or the heart
II- Rapoport-Luebering (R-L) cycle in RBCs:
¨       It is a side pathway from glycolysis in red blood cells.
¨       By this cycle the high-energy phosphate in position one of 1,3 diphosphoglycerate is lost by conversion to 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG). This will result in lowering ATP production by 2 ATP/ one molecule of glucose i.e a net Zero ATP production.
Importance of 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG) to Red Blood Cells:
q    2,3 DPG binds to hemoglobin to reduce its affinity towards oxygen i.e. increasing oxygen dissociation and delivery to tissues.
q    2,3 DPG binds non-covalently to the b subunits of hemoglobin molecule, shifting it from the relaxed ® to the taut (T) form.
q    The T form of hemoglobin has lower affinity towards O2 than the R form.
q    Stored blood may have a lower levels of 2,3 DPG.
q    In blood banks, Inosine is added to the stored blood.
q    Inosine is converted inside the RBCs into 2,3 DPG, keeping its normal levels.
q    2,3 DPG levels increase with tissue hypoxia.
q    2,3 DPG levels increase in persons suffering from pyruvate kinase deficiency. Thus the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen is less than normal in such conditions
q    2,3 DPG levels decrease in hexokinase deficiency, so affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen is increased.
Sources and Fate of Pyruvate

                                Malic enzyme
Malate + NADP                                 Pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH+H+ 
Glucose

      Serine Cysteine, Glycine,    Glycolysis        Malate           Alanine
                        

                    Deamination                                      Transamination
                                                             
                                                                        lactate dehydrogenase
 Glycerol                                Pyruvate                              Lactate.
Sources:
1.   From glucose by glycolysis.
2.   From glycerol of lipids through formation of glycerol phosphate then dihydroxyacetone phosphate then glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate then through glycolysis will give rise to pyruvate.
3.   From amino acids by transamination and deamination (see protein metabolism)
4.   From lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
5.   From malate by malic enzyme
Fate of Pyruvate:
1.    Converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.
2.    Converted to active acetate inside the mitochondria by pyruvate dehydrogenase.
3.    Converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase enzyme inside the mitochondria.
§  Oxaloacetate can be used for the synthesis of:
§  Citrate (in TCA cycle) when combined with acetyl CoA.
§  Aspartate when transaminated.
§  Glucose by the process of gluconeogenesis.





Cycles for Glucose Utilization and Their Sites inside the Cell:
1.     Carbohydrate Cycles in the Cytosol:
§  Glycolysis. In the cytosol of the liver and all other tissues.
§  Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Pathway. In the liver and tissues that require NADPH+H+ for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and steroid hormones i.e adipose tissue and suprarenal glands.
§  Glycogenesis = synthesis of glycogen. In the liver and muscles.
§  Glycogenolysis = break down of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate (in the muscles) and glucose (in the liver).
§  Uronic acid pathway = synthesis of glucuronic acid. In the liver.
2.     Carbohydrate Cycles in the Mitochondria:
§  Krebs cycle. In cells having mitochondria.
3.     Carbohydrate Cycles in Both Cytosol and Mitochondria;
§  Gluconeogenesis = synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.


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