Cell Death and Disease - impact_factors

Journal	Impact Factor	RANK (by Impact Factor)	CATEGORY
Nature	36.280	1/55	Multidisciplinary Sciences
Scientific American	2.369	9/55	Multidisciplinary Sciences
Scientific Reports	Due 2013
Nature research journals
Nature Biotechnology	23.268	2/157	Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Nature Cell Biology	19.488	6/180	Cell Biology
Nature Chemistry	20.524	4/152	Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nature Chemical Biology	14.690	4/289	Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Nature Climate Change	Due 2013
Nature Communications	7.396	4/55	Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nature Genetics	35.532	2/157	Genetics & Heredity
Nature Geoscience	11.754	1/170	Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Nature Immunology	26.008	3/139	Immunology
Nature Materials	32.841	1/125	Physics, Applied
Nature Medicine	22.462	1/111	Medicine, Research & Experimental
Nature Methods	19.276	1/72	Biochemical Research Methods
Nature Nanotechnology	27.270	1/66	Nanoscience &, Nanotechnology
Nature Neuroscience	15.531	3/243	Neurosciences
Nature Photonics	29.278	1/77	Optics
Nature Physics	18.967	3/84	Physics, Multidisciplinary
Nature Protocols	9.924	3/72	Biochemical Research Methods
Nature Structural and Molecular Biology	12.712	2/74	Biophysics
Nature review journals
Nature Reviews Cancer	37.545	2/194	Oncology
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery	29.008	1/261	Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Nature Reviews Genetics	38.075	1/157	Genetics & Heredity
Nature Reviews Immunology	33.287	2/139	Immunology
Nature Reviews Microbiology	21.182	1/112	Microbiology
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology	39.123	1/180	Cell Biology
Nature Reviews Neuroscience	30.445	1/243	Neurosciences
Nature Reviews Cardiology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine)	8.833	5/117	Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Nature Reviews Endocrinology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism)	9.971	4/121	Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology)	8.102	5/74	Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Nature Reviews Nephrology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology)	7.092	3/73	Urology & Nephrology
Nature Reviews Neurology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Neurology)	12.461	2/191	Clinical Neurology
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Oncology)	11.963	7/194	Oncology
Nature Reviews Rheumatology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology)	8.388	2/29	Rheumatology
Nature Reviews Urology (formerly Nature Clinical Practice Urology)	4.415	8/73	Urology & Nephrology
Academic & society journals
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica	1.953	52/152	Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
American Journal of Gastroenterology	7.282	6/74	Gastroenterology & Hepatology
American Journal of Hypertension	3.181	17/67	Peripheral Vascular Disease
Asian Journal of Andrology	1.521	5/6	Andrology
Bone Marrow Transplantation	3.746	6/24	Transplantation
British Dental Journal	0.915	60/81	Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
British Journal of Cancer	5.042	32/194	Oncology
Cancer Gene Therapy	2.802	41/111	Med, Research & Experimental
Cell Death and Differentiation	8.849	23/289	Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Cell Death and Disease	5.333	45/180	Cell Biology
Cellular & Molecular Immunology	2.992	69/139	Immunology
Cell Research	8.19	23/180	Cell Biology
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics	6.043	13/261	Pharmacology & Pharmacy
The EMBO Journal	9.205	20/180	Cell Biology
EMBO reports	7.355	31/180	Cell Biology
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition	2.462	30/72	Nutrition & Dietetics
European Journal of Human Genetics	4.400	30/157	Genetics & Heredity
Eye	1.851	23/56	Opthalmology
Gene Therapy	3.710	26/111	Medicine, Research & Experimental
Genes and Immunity	3.872	37/157	Genetics & Heredity
Genes in Medicine	4.762	24/157	Genetics & Heredity
Heredity	4.597	12/45	Evolutionary Biology
Hypertension Research	2.576	28/67	Peripheral Vascular Disease
Immunology & Cell Biology	3.661	45/139	Immunology
International Journal of Impotence Research	1.712	40/73	Urology & Nephrology
International Journal of Obesity	4.691	6/72	Nutrition & Dietetics
International Journal of Oral Science	1.411	34/81	Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
The ISME Journal	7.375	6/131	Ecology
The Journal of Antibiotics	1.651	77/112	Microbiology
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism	5.008	11/68	Hematology
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology	2.932	27/83	Toxicology
Journal of Human Genetics	2.570	76/157	Genetics & Heredity
Journal of Human Hypertension	2.802	23/67	Peripheral Vascular Disease
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology	6.314	1/58	Dermatology
Journal of Perinatology	1.801	31/79	Obstetrics & Gynecology
Kidney International	6.606	4/73	Urology & Nephrology
Laboratory Investigation	3.641	14/78	Pathology
Leukemia	9.561	3/68	Hematology
Modern Pathology	4.792	8/78	Pathology
Molecular Psychiatry	13.668	1/129	Psychiatry
Molecular Systems Biology	8.626	24/289	Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Molecular Therapy	6.873	9/157	Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mucosal Immunology	6.963	12/139	Immunology
Neuropsychopharmacology	7.991	6/129	Psychiatry
NPG Asia Materials	5.533	20/231	Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Obesity	4.284	9/72	Nutrition & Dietetics
Oncogene	6.373	16/157	Genetics & Heredity
Pediatric Research	2.700	19/113	Pediatrics
The Pharmacogenomics Journal	4.536	28/157	Genetics & Heredity
Polymer Journal	1.258	42/78	Polymer Science
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases	2.421	26/73	Urology & Nephrology
Spinal Cord	1.805	19/58	Rehabilitation

Impact Factors for journals published by Nature Publishing Group

2011 Impact Factors – released June 2012

At NPG we are committed to serving the needs of scientists and their science. We do this best by selecting and communicating the most important and valuable scientific information to the broadest possible audience. The 2011 Impact Factors reflect NPG’s success at doing this, and the exceptional authors and referees that we are privileged to work with. For a summary, please read our press release.

The table lists the 2011 Impact Factor and category ranks for journals published by NPG. Data is taken from the 2011 Journal Citation Report, Science Edition (Thomson Reuters, 2012).

A number of journals are listed in more than one category in the Journal Citation Report. In these cases, the category in which the journal has highest rank is listed.

http://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/impact_factors.html

------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

نصائـح طبيـة للحـاج

نصائـح طبيـة للحـاج تجنب الطواف والسعي أثناء الحرارة الشديدة والحرص على أخذ قسط من الراحة قبل وبعد كل شعيرة من شعائر الحج وعدم الجلوس إلى جانب أشخاص مصابين بالزكام إرتداء سوار المعصم المدون عليه إسم الحاج وجنسيته وعنوانه وحالته الصحية واسم الحملة المنتمي إليها التقليل من المجهود العضلي كالمشي في الأسواق في وقت الظهيرة والإكثار من شرب المياه والسوائل في أغلب أوقات اليوم المحافظة على نظافة الجسد واستخدام المناديل أثناء العطس أو الزكام والحفاظ على نظافة المكان الذي يتواجد فيه الحاج عدم تناول طعام ترك مكشوفا والتأكد من تاريخ الصلاحية المطبوع على علب الأغذية المحفوظة والإكثار من تناول الفواكه والخضراوات والأطعمة المسلوقة غير المهيجة للأمعاء عدم ذبح الهدي في أماكن غير مهيأة والطهي الكامل للحوم استخدام الكمامات الطبية في حالة الزحام خاصة لمرضى البرو الشعبي وفي حالة المرضى بأمراض المزمنة فعليهم الاحتفاظ بحقيبة طبية صغيرة بها جميع الادوية الخاصة بالمرض وارقام لهواتف الأصدقاء وبطاقة صحية بها جميع الأمراض التي يعاني منها بالنسبة للحاج الذي يعاني من حصوات على الكلى فعليه بالإكثار من تناول السوائل بكميه تصل إلى ثلاث ليترات يوميا بالنسبة لمريض الفشل الكلوي اذا كان يعاني من أعراض مثل فقدان الشهية أو الغثيان أو القيء أو يعاني من مضاعفات مثل إرتفاع ضغط الدم أو هبوط القلب فلا ينصح له بالحج في هذه الحالات أما إذا كانت حالته مستقرة ويقوم بإجراء جلسات غسل الكلى فعليه حجز مكان في أقرب مركز لغسيل الكلى بواقع جلستين أو ثلاث أسبوعيا أثناء الحج --------------------------------------------------------------------------- رجاء, لا تدع هذه النصائح تقف عندك ومررها لكل من تعرف حتى تعم الفائدة. تقبل الله منا ومنكم صالح الأعمال! --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Medical Advice for the Pilgrim In case of intense heat, avoid Tawaf (circumvolution) and Sai'i (walk between the location of the two hills "Safa" and "Maraw"). Take enough rest before and after performing each rite. Avoid close contact with people who have a cold. Use the wrist strap containing the pilgrim name ,his  nationality ,  his address , his health  condition and the name of the group which he belong to . Reduce muscular effort, such as walking in the markets at noon. Drink a lot of water and fluids throughout the day. Maintain the cleanliness of the body, use napkins for sneezing or cold and maintain cleanliness of your place. Refrain from eating uncovered food and make sure that the expiration date on canned food is valid. Eat a lot of fruit, vegetables and boiled food that are non-irritable to the intestine. Don't slaughter the sacrifice- sheep in places other than the identified places. Cook meat well. Pilgrims should wear masks in places of congestion especially if they have bronchial asthma .People with chronic diseases should carry a small medical bag containing their all drugs, notepad for their friends' names and a health card recording the type of their diseases. Pilgrim with kidney stones has to drink about 3 liters of fluids a day. Patient with renal failure who experiences loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting or complications like higher or low blood pressure is recommended not to go for pilgrimage. If his case is stable and he performs dialysis, he should perform dialysis for two or three times a week at the nearest dialysis clinic during pilgrimage. Patient with high blood pressure should reduce his intake of salt and fatty food. He should take his medications regularly. Diabetic pilgrim should take care of his diet by reducing his intake of sugar and salt. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- please pass this message along it could be beneficial for others. May Allah accept all your righteous deeds.

------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------

Multiple Choice Questions- Carbohydrate metabolism-Unsolved

Q.1 – Which of the following substrates derived from adipose tissues contributes to net Gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?

a) Alanine

b) Glutamate

c) Glycerol

d) Pyruvate                                                                                                            

 Q.2 – Which of the following statements is incorrect?

 a) Aerobically, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate forms acetate that enters the citric acid cycle.

b) In anaerobic muscle, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

c) Reduction of pyruvate to lactate generates a coenzyme essential for Glycolysis.

d) Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because Glycolysis does not occur

Q.3- The steps of Glycolysis between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate involve all of the following except:

 a) ATP synthesis.

b) Catalysis by phosphoglycerate kinase.

c) Oxidation of NADH to NAD+.

d) The formation of 1, 3- bisphosphoglycerate.                                                  

Q.4 – The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of:

 a) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8mol of CO2.

b) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3mol of CO2.

c) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3mol of CO2.

d) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3mol of CO2.                                  

Q.5 – How many ATP molecules can be derived from each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs’ Cycle?

 a) 6

b) 12

c) 18

d) 38                                                                                                                                      

 Q.6 – All of the following vitamins except one participate in the TCA cycle-

 a) Pantothenic acid

b) Lipoic acid

c) Folic acid

d) Riboflavin                                                                                                                    

 Q.7 – Why Phosphofructokinase rather than hexokinase is the pace maker of Glycolysis?

 a) Glucose 6-phosphate is not solely a glycolytic intermediate

b) Hexokinase has low km for glucose

c) Hexokinase is inhibited by feed back inhibition

d) None of the above                                                                                                    

 Q.8 - All are correct about pyruvate dehydrogenase complex except one-

a) The formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is an irreversible step

b) Pyruvate dehydrogenase is switched off when Acetyl co A is in excess

c) Phosphorylation switches off the activity of the complex.

d) Pyruvate as well as ADP (a signal of low energy charge) inhibits the complex.

Q.9-Cellular isozymes of pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibited by:

 a) High concentrations of AMP.

b) High concentrations of ATP.

c) High concentrations of Fr1,6 bisphosphate.

d) Low concentrations of acetyl-CoA.                                                                  

 Q.10 – Which of the followings is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?

 a) Acetoacetate

b)Citrate

c)  Oxalo succinate

d) Succinyl-CoA                                                                                                              

 Q.11 - In an anaerobic system that is metabolizing glucose as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to increase in concentration following the addition of fluoride?

 a) 2-phosphoglycerate

b) Glucose

c) Phosphoenolpyruvate

d) Pyruvate                                                                                                                          

 Q.12 – Which of the following is a coenzyme  in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase?

 a) ATP

b) Cu2+

c) Heme

d) NAD+                                                                                                                            

 Q.13 - An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is:

a) 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.

b)Glucose 6-phosphatase.

C) Hexokinase.

d)Phosphofructokinase-1.                                                                                        

 Q.14 – Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is incorrect?

 a) It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed.

b) It generates 6 moles of CO2for each mole of glucose consumed

c) It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH.

d) It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides                                

 Q.15 – Which of the following enzymes catalyzes a reaction that involves a decarboxylation reaction?

 a)Pyruvate dehydrogenase

b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase

c) α-keto glutarate dehydrogenase

d) all of the above                                                                                                            

 Q.16 -Anaplerotic reactions are those that result in replenishing intermediates in the TCA cycle. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes an Anaplerotic reaction?

a)   Malate dehydrogenase
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Pyruvate kinase
d) Citrate synthase                                                                                                      

Q.17- Which statement BEST describes the fate of Propionyl-CoA in mammalian systems?

 a) Propionyl-CoA is metabolized via are action sequence that involves vitamin B12 and biotin.

b) Propionyl-CoA is converted to acetyl CoA.

c) Propionyl-CoA and acetyl CoA condense to form a 5 carbon precursor of a TCA cycle intermediate.

d) Propionyl-CoA is oxidized to Malonate and CoA                                          



Q.18 – It is very important to feed the baby very soon after birth, because during the first few hours after birth the enzyme Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is present in very low amounts, and this fact compromises:

a) Gluconeogenesis

b) Glucose phosphorylation

c) Glycogenesis

d) Glycogenolysis                                                                                                              

 Q.19 – The citric acid cycle is inhibited by which of the following?

 a) Fluoroacetate

b) Aerobic conditions

c) Malic acid

d) Fluorouracil                                                                                                                

 Q.20 – Which of the following enzymes is associated with Glycogen synthesis?

 a) Amylo- (1, 4->1,6) – transglycosylase

b) Phosphorylase

c) Amylo-1,6-glucosidase

d) Glucose-6- phosphatase                                                                                        

 Q.21 – A medical student developed hemolytic anemia after taking the oxidizing Antimalarial drug primaquine. This severe reaction is most likely due to

 a) Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

b) Concomitant Scurvy

c) Diabetes

d) Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency                                                                  

 Q.1-Which of the following enzymes is Thiamine dependent and essential for glucose oxidation in the brain?

a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex                

b) Acetyl co A carboxylase

c) Transaldolase                          

d) Succinyl-co A Thiokinase                                        

Q.2- The reaction catalyzed by phosphofructo kinase is -

 a) Inhibited by Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate                  

b) Activated by high concentration of ATP

c) A regulatory step of glycolysis  

d) All of the above                                                    

Q.3- Pyruvate carboxylase requires ————— as a coenzyme.

a) FMN                              

b) Biotin

c) NAD+

d) TPP                                                                      

Q.4- In erythrocytes the most abundantly found Phospho ester is-

 a) Glucose-6 phosphate                

b) Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

c) Fructose-6- phosphate

d) 2, 3 bisphosphoglycerate                                      

Q.5- Formation of Galactose-1-P from Galactose is catalyzed by-

a) Hexokinase                            

b) Aldolase    

c) Galactokinase                          

d) Galactose-1-P Uridyl transferase                              

Q.6- All the following enzymes except one require NADP+ as a coenzyme-

 a) Glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase          

b) Cytosolic Isocitrate dehydrogenase

c) Malic enzyme      

d) Glucose-6-phophatase                                              

Q.7- Which of the following product of Triglyceride breakdown and subsequent beta oxidation would undergo gluconeogenesis-

a) Propionyl Co A                        

b) Acetyl CoA

c) Aceto acetate                          

d) Beta hydroxy butyrate                                                

Q.8 – Which of the following reactions generates ATP?

 a) Glucose to Glucose -6-phosphate        

b) Pyruvate to Lactate

c) Phosphoenol pyruvate to Pyruvate      

d) Glucose- 6 phosphate to fructose-6 phosphate            

Q.9- Glucose enters muscle cells mostly by:

 a) Simple diffusion

b) Facilitated diffusion using a specific glucose transporter

c) Co-transport with sodium

d) Co-transport with amino acids                                    

Q.10- Which one of the following compounds is common to both the oxidative phase and the non- oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?

 a) Xylulose-5- phosphate                        

b) Glucose-6-phosphate

c) Ribulose-5-phosphate                        

d) Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate                                      

Q.11- Mc Ardle’s syndrome causes muscle cramps and muscle fatigue with increased muscle glycogen. Which of the following enzyme is deficient?

 a) Hepatic hexokinase                            

b) Muscle Phosphorylase

c) Muscle Debranching enzyme              

d) Muscle Hexokinase                                                        

Q.12- During starvation, the major source of blood glucose is-

 a) Hepatic Glycogenolysis                      

b) Gluconeogenesis

c)  Muscle Glycogenolysis                      

d) Dietary glucose from intestine                                        

Q.13- Hexokinase has a considerably lower km for-

 a) Glucose                                  

b) Fructose

c) Galactose

d) Mannose                                                                        

Q.14- In the fasting state there is considerable release of———–from the muscles.

 a) Glycine                                    

b) Alanine      

c) Valine

d) Glutamic acid                                                                

Q.15- A galactosemic child will manifest all except-

 a) Hepatomegaly                          

b) Splenomegaly

c) Cataract

d) Mental retardation                                                          

Q.16- – Which one of the following reactions is unique to gluconeogenesis-?

a) Lactate<———–>Pyruvate

b) Oxaloacetate—->Phosphoenol pyruvate

c) Glucose-6-phosphate—– >Glucose

d) Phosphoenol pyruvate–>Pyruvate                                  

Q.17- The main stores of glycogen are found in—

 a) Adipose tissues    

b) Skeletal muscles            

c) Brain                            

d) Erythrocytes                                                                  

Q.18- Succinyl co A is cleaved by-

 a) Succinate dehydrogenase          

b) Succinate Thiokinase

c) Succinate lyase                        

d) Succinate Thioesterase                                                  

Q.19- Arsenate binds to-

 a)  Free amino end of enzyme                

b) SH linkages

c) Free carboxyl end

d) Any of the above                                                              

Q.20- All are intermediates of glycolysis except-

a) Glucose-6 phosphate                

b) Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

c) Fructose-6- phosphate              

d) Glycerol – 3- phosphate                                                  

Q.21- The key regulatory enzyme of HMP pathway is-

 a) Glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

b) Transaldolase

c) Transketolase                          

d) Glucose-6-phophatase                                                      

Q.22- The net production of ATP in glycolysis during anaerobic condition is:

 a) 2 from glucose and 3 from glycogen

b) 2 from glucose and 4 from glycogen

c) 3 from glucose and 4 from glycogen

d) 3 from glucose and 2 from glycogen                                

Q.23- Which of the followings does not generate free glucose during the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscles?

a) Phosphorylase                        

b) α-1-6-amyloglucosidase  

c) Debranching enzyme      

d) glucose-6-phosphatase                                                        

Q.24- Which of the followings promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle?

a) Adrenaline                              

b) Insulin

c) Glucagon                                

d) Cortisol                                                                                  

Q.25- In a tissue that metabolizes glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway, C-1 of glucose would be expected to end up principally in:

a) Carbon dioxide                                  

b) Glycogen

c) Phosphoglycerate                              

d) Pyruvate                                                              


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The answer

1)   The answer is –b) Beta hydroxy Butyrate,  a ketone body. Ketone bodies serve as alternative fuel for brain during prolonged fasting or starvation. Fatty acids due to long hydrophobic chain can not cross blood brain barrier. Glycerol is a substrate of gluconeogenesis. In fact during prolonged fasting this is the only substrate left to provide glucose through pathway of gluconeogenesis. It can be oxidized through glycolysis after phosphorylation. Beta carotene is a provitamin; it is not a source of energy.

 2)   The answer is –a) Fatty acid break down provides Acetyl co A that serves as a precursor for ketone bodies. In Diabetes Mellitus glucose utilization is impaired due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Fatty acid breakdown occurs to provide energy and the resultant excessive Acetyl co A enters the pathway of ketogenesis. Protein breakdown provides amino acids, 6 amino acids are ketogenic, while 14 are glucogenic. Hence protein breakdown contributes only a little towards formation of Acetyl co A. The major contribution is through fatty acid breakdown. Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis produce glucose only.

 3)   The answer is –a) Galactosemia. The clinical manifestations are typical of classical Galactosemia. Bilateral cataract rules out the possibility of Von Gierke’s disease and hereditary fructose intolerance, although other symptoms are there in both these diseases. In juvenile diabetes mellitus, jaundice and hepatomegaly are not observed.

 4)   The answer is-d)- Lactate, the end product of glycolysis in erythrocytes and  during intense exercise in skeletal muscles ,is mobilized through Cori cycle to  liver to provide glucose by the process of gluconeogenesis. (Erythrocytes lack mitochondria so the end product of glycolysis is always lactate.  The mode of glycolysis during intense exercise is anaerobic; hence lactate is formed as a result of glycolysis.

Alanine is transported to liver through Glucose Alanine cycle. Glycerol is also similarly transported but not from the erythrocytes or skeletal muscles, rather from the adipose tissues. Glycerol is a waste product in adipose tissues since without phosphorylation it can not be utilized and the phosphorylating enzyme glycerol kinase is absent in adipose tissues.

 5)   The answer is-b) Branching enzyme. During the process of glycogen synthesis, branching enzyme creates branch points and further elongation is carried out by Glycogen synthase . In its deficiency stored glycogen is abnormal in chemistry, in the form of long polysaccharide chains with few branch points, resembling the structure of Amylopectin, thus this defect is also called Amylopectinosis. Alpha Amylase is an enzyme for digestion of starch and glycogen. Debranching enzyme deficiency results in the accumulation of abnormal glycogen, There is inability to remove the branch points, the resultant structure resembles Limit dextrin , thus it is also called Limit dextrinosis

 6)   The answer is-d) The hydrolysis of starch is catalyzed by salivary and pancreatic amylases, which catalyze random hydrolysis of alpha (1- 4) glycoside bonds, yielding dextrins, and further hydrolysis yields a mixture of glucose, maltose, isomaltose (from the branch points in amylopectin) and maltotriose.

 7)   The answer is- c) Palmitate,  a fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms, is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis. Even chain fatty acids, predominantly present in our body, yield Acetyl co A upon oxidation, which can not contribute towards gluconeogenesis.  The Pyruvate to Acetyl co A conversion is irreversible and moreover both  of the carbon atoms of Acetyl co A are lost in the TCA cycle in the form of CO2.Oddchain fatty acid do act as substrates of gluconeogenesis, since propionyl co A the product of their oxidation can enter TCA cycle through formation of Succinyl co A, hence  can contribute towards Glucose production.

 8)   The answer is-d) Hypoglycemic coma occurs as a result of insulin over dosage in Type 1diabetes Mellitus.  It is not observed in Type 2 diabetes. Weight gain can occur in both types, it is the result of treatment with insulin or certain hypoglycemic drugs.

 9)   The answer is- a) Hexokinase is a non specific enzyme, it can phosphorylate fructose as well as other sugars but it has high km(low affinity) for fructose.  Glucose is the true substrate for this enzyme.Fructose-6-phosphatethe end product of Hexokinase reaction can enter glycolytic pathway to be utilized further, so it does not accumulate to produce the toxic effects. Liver Aldolase (Aldolase B) cleaves Fructose-1-P only, the product of fructokinase catalyzed reaction.  Aldolase A, present in all the cells of the body cleaves Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, the product of PFK-1 catalyzed reaction of glycolysis.

 10) The answer is- b) Free glucose is released by the action of α-1-6-amyloglucosidaseenzyme, a component of debranching enzyme. Debranching enzyme has two components. α-[1 4] -α-[1 4] Glucan transferase and α-1-6-amyloglucosidase.Glucan transferase shifts the trisaccharide on a branch bound by α-[1- 4]  linkage to the straight chain and joins by α-[1 4] linkage. The exposed branch point is hydrolyzed by α-1-6-amyloglucosidase enzyme. Both components are present on the same polypeptide chain. Glucose-6- phosphatase does produce free glucose but it is absent in skeletal muscles.

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