Terms and Definitions

Terms	Definitions
basic structure of a protein	- string of amino acids 20 amino acids long 100-300 amino acids long hooked by peptide bonds
what are the building blocks of protein?	1.Primary structure- sequence of amino acids. 2. secondary- bending of amino acids close to each other. ex Alpha- HELIX!* 3. Tertiary structure- bending and folding of amino acids that are far apart.: sheets, folds, globules** 4. Quarternary- functional form found in hemoglobin. bent inorder to transport hemoglobin
how can protein be denatured?	- cooking an egg - sterilizing instruments - high fever
denaturing agents	- heat -acids - bases - alcohol - heavy metals
negative nitrogen balance	- More nitrogen excreted than consumed
Positive nitrogen balance	- more nitrogen consumed than excreted
Define reference protein, give ex	standard against which all other proteins are measured EGG= 100 biological value
what are Complete proteins: and where are they found?	- high quality proteins - contain all 9 essential amino acids found in: almost all animal products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, soy
what are incomplete proteins and where r they found	- low quality proteins - lacking some essential amino acids or sufficient amounts found in: Legumes, beans, peas, nuts, grains
limiting amino acid	- inadequate amount of a certain essential amino acid
what is the limited amino acid in corn?	LYSINE
what is the limited amino acid in beans?	METHIONINE
what are the protein requirements for most people?	10-15% of cal. 46-56 g/ day 2-3 servings/day
protein- energy malnutrition	deficient in protein and calories
symptoms of Kwashiorkar	-Edema of abdomen and face -scaly, patchy skin. -change in color and texture of hair - decreased immune response
Symptoms of Marasmus	- appears old and shriveled
Oral effects of protein deficiency	- smaller teeth - delayed eruption - delayed exfoliation - smaller mandible - smaller salivary glands
what are the 4 types of vegetarian diets and what are they	1. Vegan- strictest. only plants 2. Lactovegetarian- Plants and dairy products only,. 3. Ovovegetarian- Only plant products and eggs 4. Ovolactovegetarian- Eggs, dairy and plants!
complementation and how does it relate to vegetarianism	combining protein sources to ensure adequte protein quality - when eating together get all 9 essential amino acids that vegetarians may not be able to get easily
what is the role of vitamins in metabolic reactions	catalyst for all metabolic reactions that use protein, fats, carbs
what factors increase vitamin requirements?	- alcohol -caffeine - drug use, oral contraceptive - stress - periods of rapid growth, surgery, burns - illness - fever
what is the most likely way a person get vitamin overdose?	supplements
where are fat soluble and water soluble vitamins absorbed?	small intestine
fat soluble vitamins are transported via?	lymphatic system
water soluble vit are transported via?	portal system
where are water soluble vitamins stored?	- nowhere, cant be stored. gets excreted in urine
where are fat soluble vitamins stored	-liver and other fatty tissues
what is a free radical	- unstable O2 with unpaired electron - produced by all cells that use O2 - associated with production of cancer cells and effects of aging
Antioxidant	Prevents cell membrane damage
why do we want antioxidants in our diet?	- fights off free radicals - slows down aging process
how does Vitamin E affect nitrites in cured meat?	Inhibits conversions of nitrites
deficiency in Vit E is rare, what 2 groups may show deficiency?	- premature infants* - those with Fat malabsortion syndrome*
what 3 compounds make vitamin K and where do we get them from	- K1: green leafy veg - K2: microflora - K3: synthetic supplements
what are the scorbutic changes that affect teeth from vitamin C deficiency?	- irregular dentin or lacking dentin - enlarged pulp -Gingivitis - tooth loss, mobility, resorption of bone
how many B vitamins?	8
why are the B vitamins known as "energy- releasing vitamins"?	- they are enzymes and coenzymes during Krebs cycle- - product ATP!
do B vitamins reach toxic level in body? why?	NO because its a water soluble vitamin, excreted in urine, no storage
what are the basic characteristics of B vitamin deficiency?	- glossitis - angular cheilosis - dementia
what group of ppl are most likely to show deficiencies of B vitamins?	- alcoholics
what are the 2 steps in bone formation? which nutrients needed in each step	1. Development of protein matrix: need Vitamins C, D, K, and protein 2. Mineralization of Collagen: need Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, *HYDROXYAPATITE
what are the 2 most abundant minerals in body, where are they found?	Calcium- MOST ABUNDANT! found in: bone, teeth, skull Phosphorus: 2nd. found : 85% in skeleton, teeth
what 4 things enhance absorption of calcium?	1. Vitamin D* 2. Phosphorus* 3. Hydrochloric Acid- in stomach* 4. Lactose*
what causes increase need for calcium?	- growth periods : 0-2 yrs old, puberty - alcoholism - smoking - excess caffeine - lactose intolerance - menopause - lack of exercise
what 2 hormones regulate serum calcium level? what are their roles	1. Parathyroid hormone- INCREASES serum calcium 2. Calcitonin- DECREASES serum calcium
what is the relationship of calcium and phosphorus in blood?	*CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ARE INVERSELY RELATED
what ratio should calcium and phosphorus be consumed?	1:1
how does osteoporosis occur?	too little calcium
foods high in phosphorus are usually high in what 2 other nutrients?	*CALCIUM AND PROTEIN!!!*!!
name food sources of Magnesium	- green leafy vegetables - Antacids and laxatives! - bananas - whole grain products, nuts, seeds, beans
4 functions of magnesium	1. needed for healthy heart 2. needed for bone mineralizatio 3. Maintaining calcium balance 4. nerve transmission
Magnesium is part of what molecule?	**CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULE**
what are the systemic actions of fluoride?	- replaces hydroxyl ions in Hydroxyapatite, results in FLUORAPATITE* - more resistant to acid demineralization - increases strength of bones - *TEETH HAVE ROUNDED CUSPS, SHALLOWER FISSUES, WIDER SURFACE
topical action of fluoride	- inhibits acid demineralization - promotes remineralization - interferes with formation and function of acidogenic bacteria: STREP MUTANS and LACTOBACILLI!*
sources of fluoride in our diet	water
what is recommended amount of fluoride in drinking water	.7 ppm (part per million)
signs of mild fluorosis	- occurs at 2-3 ppm - white, opaque flacks or extremely white enamel - teeth are caries resistant
signs of severe fluorosis	- occurs are 4 or more ppm - brownish discoloration of teeth - enamel pitting - INCREASED CARIES RATE
what is most cost effective way to prevent caries?	- fluoride in water
name 4 methods of water loss	1. RESPIRATION 2. EXPIRATION- from lungs and skin 3. urination 4. defecation
functions of ADH	- help conserve water - decrease urine output which increases fluid volume
ADH output is inhibited when ..?	fluid levels are too high
functions of Aldosterone	- sodium and water retention - causes B volume to increase due tro retention of water
Fluid Volume Excess	-excess water - due to increase sodium - extracellular fluids - caused by diuretics or sodium restricted diet
Fluid Volume deficit	Dehydration - excess loss of fluid from GI tract - symptoms: weight loss, fatigue, confusion, low B/P, fissured tongue, xerostoma, poor fitting dentures
which electrolytes are present in intracellular fluid and which are in extracellular fluid?	intracellular- potassium (K+) Phosphate (PO3) extracellular- Sodium (Na+) Chloride (CL-)
which electrolytes are positive	Potassium and Sodium
which electrolytes are negative	Phosphate and Chloride
Sodium and Potassium are important in what 2 things?	*NERVE TRANSMISSION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION*
What is the max RDA for salt?	2,400mg/ day
how much sodium is present in 1tsp of salt?	*2,000mg*
symptoms of deficiency of potassium	- anorexia - muscle weakness - cardiac/ respiratory arrest
another name for potassium deficiency	Hypokalemia
symptoms of excess of potassium	- confusion - muscle weakness - cardiac arrest
where is chloride found in the body?	gastric secretions
Heme Iron	- found in animal products! - easily absorbed
non- heme Iron	- PLANTS & animal products! - less well absorbed
what 2 things enhance iron absorption?	-**Vitamin C -** HCL
what are some reasons for iron deficiency?	1. *Overuse of antacids 2. *Decrease production of gastric acid 3. *lead poisoning
Iron deficiency anemia	- Microcytic hypochromic anemia - world wide problem symptoms: tachycardia, fatigue, headache, dizziness
HHC	"Hereditary Hemochromatosis" - Iron overload disease - most common genetic disease in US (1:8) - causes skin pigmentation
symptoms of deficiency of Zinc?	- CLEFT LIP AND PALATE - LOSS OF TASTE, SMELL, poor appetite, impaired wound healing
what hormone is Iodine a part of and what does it regulate?	THYROXINE- regulates BASAL METABOLIC RATE
symptoms of iodine deficiency	- lower metabolic rate - depression or mental functions - Goiter - Cretinism
difference between Cretinism and Graves' disease	Cretinism is from DEFICIENCY of IODINE during fetal development Graves' disease is from TOXICITY of IODINE

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