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Terms
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Definitions
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 basic structure of a protein |
- string of amino acids 20 amino acids long 100-300 amino acids long hooked by peptide bonds |
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what are the building blocks of protein? |
1.Primary structure- sequence of amino
acids.
2. secondary- bending of amino acids close to each other. ex Alpha- HELIX!* 3. Tertiary structure- bending and folding of amino acids that are far apart.: sheets, folds, globules** 4. Quarternary- functional form found in hemoglobin. bent inorder to transport hemoglobin |
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how can protein be denatured? |
- cooking an egg - sterilizing instruments - high fever |
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denaturing agents |
- heat -acids - bases - alcohol - heavy metals |
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negative nitrogen balance |
- More nitrogen excreted than consumed |
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Positive nitrogen balance |
- more nitrogen consumed than excreted |
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Define reference protein, give ex |
standard against which all other proteins
are measured EGG= 100 biological value |
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what are Complete proteins: and where are
they found? |
- high quality proteins - contain all 9 essential amino acids found in: almost all animal products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, soy |
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what are incomplete proteins and where r
they found |
- low quality proteins - lacking some essential amino acids or sufficient amounts found in: Legumes, beans, peas, nuts, grains |
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limiting amino acid |
- inadequate amount of a certain essential
amino acid |
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what is the limited amino acid in corn? |
LYSINE |
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what is the limited amino acid in beans? |
METHIONINE |
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what are the protein requirements for most
people? |
10-15% of cal. 46-56 g/ day 2-3 servings/day |
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protein- energy malnutrition |
deficient in protein and calories |
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symptoms of Kwashiorkar |
-Edema of abdomen and face -scaly, patchy skin. -change in color and texture of hair - decreased immune response |
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Symptoms of Marasmus |
- appears old and shriveled |
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Oral effects of protein deficiency |
- smaller teeth - delayed eruption - delayed exfoliation - smaller mandible - smaller salivary glands |
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what are the 4 types of vegetarian diets and
what are they |
1. Vegan- strictest. only plants 2. Lactovegetarian- Plants and dairy products only,. 3. Ovovegetarian- Only plant products and eggs 4. Ovolactovegetarian- Eggs, dairy and plants! |
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complementation and how does it relate to
vegetarianism |
combining protein sources to ensure adequte
protein quality - when eating together get all 9 essential amino acids that vegetarians may not be able to get easily |
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what is the role of vitamins in metabolic
reactions |
catalyst for all metabolic reactions that
use protein, fats, carbs |
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what factors increase vitamin requirements? |
- alcohol -caffeine - drug use, oral contraceptive - stress - periods of rapid growth, surgery, burns - illness - fever |
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what is the most likely way a person get
vitamin overdose? |
supplements |
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where are fat soluble and water soluble
vitamins absorbed? |
small intestine |
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fat soluble vitamins are transported via? |
lymphatic system |
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water soluble vit are transported via? |
portal system |
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where are water soluble vitamins stored? |
- nowhere, cant be stored. gets excreted in
urine |
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where are fat soluble vitamins stored |
-liver and other fatty tissues |
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what is a free radical |
- unstable O2 with unpaired electron - produced by all cells that use O2 - associated with production of cancer cells and effects of aging |
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Antioxidant |
Prevents cell membrane damage |
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why do we want antioxidants in our diet? |
- fights off free radicals - slows down aging process |
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how does Vitamin E affect nitrites in cured
meat? |
Inhibits conversions of nitrites |
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deficiency in Vit E is rare, what 2 groups
may show deficiency? |
- premature infants* - those with Fat malabsortion syndrome* |
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what 3 compounds make vitamin K and where do
we get them from |
- K1: green leafy veg - K2: microflora - K3: synthetic supplements |
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what are the scorbutic changes that affect
teeth from vitamin C deficiency? |
- irregular dentin or lacking dentin - enlarged pulp -Gingivitis - tooth loss, mobility, resorption of bone |
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how many B vitamins? |
8 |
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why are the B vitamins known as
"energy- releasing vitamins"? |
- they are enzymes and coenzymes during
Krebs cycle- - product ATP! |
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do B vitamins reach toxic level in body?
why? |
NO because its a water soluble vitamin,
excreted in urine, no storage |
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what are the basic characteristics of B
vitamin deficiency? |
- glossitis - angular cheilosis - dementia |
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what group of ppl are most likely to show
deficiencies of B vitamins? |
- alcoholics |
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what are the 2 steps in bone formation?
which nutrients needed in each step |
1. Development of protein matrix: need
Vitamins C, D, K, and protein 2. Mineralization of Collagen: need Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, *HYDROXYAPATITE |
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what are the 2 most abundant minerals in
body, where are they found? |
Calcium- MOST ABUNDANT! found in: bone,
teeth, skull Phosphorus: 2nd. found : 85% in skeleton, teeth |
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what 4 things enhance absorption of calcium? |
1. Vitamin D* 2. Phosphorus* 3. Hydrochloric Acid- in stomach* 4. Lactose* |
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what causes increase need for calcium? |
- growth periods : 0-2 yrs old, puberty - alcoholism - smoking - excess caffeine - lactose intolerance - menopause - lack of exercise |
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what 2 hormones regulate serum calcium
level? what are their roles |
1. Parathyroid hormone- INCREASES serum
calcium 2. Calcitonin- DECREASES serum calcium |
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what is the relationship of calcium and
phosphorus in blood? |
*CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ARE INVERSELY
RELATED |
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what ratio should calcium and phosphorus be
consumed? |
1:1 |
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how does osteoporosis occur? |
too little calcium |
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foods high in phosphorus are usually high in
what 2 other nutrients? |
*CALCIUM AND PROTEIN!!!*!! |
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name food sources of Magnesium |
- green leafy vegetables - Antacids and laxatives! - bananas - whole grain products, nuts, seeds, beans |
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4 functions of magnesium |
1. needed for healthy heart 2. needed for bone mineralizatio 3. Maintaining calcium balance 4. nerve transmission |
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Magnesium is part of what molecule? |
**CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULE** |
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what are the systemic actions of fluoride? |
- replaces hydroxyl ions in Hydroxyapatite,
results in FLUORAPATITE* - more resistant to acid demineralization - increases strength of bones - *TEETH HAVE ROUNDED CUSPS, SHALLOWER FISSUES, WIDER SURFACE |
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topical action of fluoride |
- inhibits acid demineralization - promotes remineralization - interferes with formation and function of acidogenic bacteria: STREP MUTANS and LACTOBACILLI!* |
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sources of fluoride in our diet |
water |
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what is recommended amount of fluoride in
drinking water |
.7 ppm (part per million) |
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signs of mild fluorosis |
- occurs at 2-3 ppm - white, opaque flacks or extremely white enamel - teeth are caries resistant |
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signs of severe fluorosis |
- occurs are 4 or more ppm - brownish discoloration of teeth - enamel pitting - INCREASED CARIES RATE |
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what is most cost effective way to prevent
caries? |
- fluoride in water |
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name 4 methods of water loss |
1. RESPIRATION 2. EXPIRATION- from lungs and skin 3. urination 4. defecation |
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functions of ADH |
- help conserve water - decrease urine output which increases fluid volume |
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ADH output is inhibited when ..? |
fluid levels are too high |
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functions of Aldosterone |
- sodium and water retention - causes B volume to increase due tro retention of water |
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Fluid Volume Excess |
-excess water - due to increase sodium - extracellular fluids - caused by diuretics or sodium restricted diet |
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Fluid Volume deficit |
Dehydration - excess loss of fluid from GI tract - symptoms: weight loss, fatigue, confusion, low B/P, fissured tongue, xerostoma, poor fitting dentures |
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which electrolytes are present in
intracellular fluid and which are in extracellular fluid? |
intracellular- potassium (K+) Phosphate (PO3) extracellular- Sodium (Na+) Chloride (CL-) |
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which electrolytes are positive |
Potassium and Sodium |
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which electrolytes are negative |
Phosphate and Chloride |
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Sodium and Potassium are important in what 2
things? |
*NERVE TRANSMISSION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION* |
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What is the max RDA for salt? |
2,400mg/ day |
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how much sodium is present in 1tsp of salt? |
*2,000mg* |
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symptoms of deficiency of potassium |
- anorexia - muscle weakness - cardiac/ respiratory arrest |
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another name for potassium deficiency |
Hypokalemia |
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symptoms of excess of potassium |
- confusion - muscle weakness - cardiac arrest |
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where is chloride found in the body? |
gastric secretions |
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Heme Iron |
- found in animal products! - easily absorbed |
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non- heme Iron |
- PLANTS & animal products! - less well absorbed |
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what 2 things enhance iron absorption? |
-**Vitamin C -** HCL |
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what are some reasons for iron deficiency? |
1. *Overuse of antacids 2. *Decrease production of gastric acid 3. *lead poisoning |
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Iron deficiency anemia |
- Microcytic hypochromic anemia - world wide problem symptoms: tachycardia, fatigue, headache, dizziness |
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HHC |
"Hereditary Hemochromatosis" - Iron overload disease - most common genetic disease in US (1:8) - causes skin pigmentation |
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symptoms of deficiency of Zinc? |
- CLEFT LIP AND PALATE - LOSS OF TASTE, SMELL, poor appetite, impaired wound healing |
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what hormone is Iodine a part of and what
does it regulate? |
THYROXINE- regulates BASAL METABOLIC RATE |
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symptoms of iodine deficiency |
- lower metabolic rate - depression or mental functions - Goiter - Cretinism |
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difference between Cretinism and Graves'
disease |
Cretinism is from DEFICIENCY of IODINE
during fetal development Graves' disease is from TOXICITY of IODINE |
------------------------------------------ Best Wishes: Dr.Ehab Aboueladab, Tel:01007834123 Email:ehab10f@gmail.com,ehababoueladab@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------
